Term papers, Essays and Summaries in Ancient History

The Destructive Power of Material Wealth in Rome: Luxury and Avarice as Negative Values in Sallust and Livy

Document abstract : «The Roman conquest of foreign nations in the East resulted in a dramatic increase of material wealth in Rome, brought back as the spoils of war from the conquered nations. This increase in wealth had a corruptive influence on Roman society, as it...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The discussion presented by Sallust. The decline of Roman morals . The greed for praise . The Conspiracy of Cataline and the Roman victory at Carthage . The price of the victory. The return of Sulla's army from Asia. Sallust's The...»

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Sacred Tantra

Document abstract : «Tantra, is set of mystical practices employing rituals, mythologies, and sacred sexuality to achieve divine awareness. It is a system of mysticism found in both Hindu and Buddhist spiritual traditions and perhaps predates them as well. This paper...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Tantrism according to Feurestein . The origins of tantra according to White . The earliest proto-tantric sexual rituals of Indo Vedic origin . The medieval iconography in Buddhist and Hindu cultures. Worshipping using food or very...»

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Ancient culture study: The pottery of Ancient Mesopotamia

Document abstract : «The production of pottery can be considered one of the most important steps an early civilization can take. In point of fact, early societies are often distinguished by their development of pottery, such as the Pre-pottery Neolithic A and B periods...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. How were the beveled-rim bowls produced?. Theories explaining the beveled-rim bowls.. The votive offering theory.. Thomas W. Beale's hypothesis.. Support for Beale's theory of offerings.. A. R. Millard's theory.. The literature and...»

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Biography and history of Cleopatra

Document abstract : «The story of Cleopatra is one of epic proportions. Fully of mystery, intrigue and intelligence, Cleopatra is considered one of the most prominent and powerful figures in history. Due to the "Hollywood-ification" of her life as well as legendary...»

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Ancient Egyptian astronomy

Document abstract : «Ancient Egypt is a very interesting culture. Like most ancient cultures, ancient Egypt placed lots of importance on the sky and the heavenly bodies. Unlike anything on Earth, the heavens seemed to be unchanging and all-powerful. The idea that the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The birth of Re. Re's creation. The birth of the other gods. Orion and Osiris . Studying the night sky through monumental architecture. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The significance of the book of Tobit

Document abstract : «An unknown author wrote the Book of Tobit, written sometime during the second century B.C.E. (Bergant 1989, 832) or the third century B.C.E. (Mays 1988, 720), in an unknown location. Even though the date is not known exactly, it is widely thought to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Aspects of Jewish piety and morality . Short genealogy of Tobit. Entering the city of Media. God as the greatest privilege. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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Timeline of European Renaissance

Document abstract : «During the middle ages, when Feudal Europe witnessed a period of intellectual and cultural stagnation, the cities of Italy such as Venice, Florence, and Milan prospered as trading posts connecting Europe to the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction . Early translations and the birth of humanism (Pre 1400 C.E) . Early Renaissance (1400 C.E. to 1480 C.E) . The High Renaissance (1480 C.E. to 1503 C.E). The golden age of Rome (1503 C.E. to 1527 C.E) . The Late Renaissance Phase (1527...»

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The Mesopotamian civilization

Document abstract : «Mesopotamia or Bilad Al-Rafidayn, the Arabic terminology for "land between the rivers" is widely considered as the "cradle of civilization" on account of the flourishing urban communities that thrived in this land much before the rest of the world...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Early settlements and origin of cities. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Kassites and the Assyrians and Chaldeans. Mesopotamian society. Code of hammurabi . Mesopotamian religion. Early sumerian religion. Astronomy. Philosophy. Writing and...»

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The Indus valley civilization

Document abstract : «The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or the Harappan Civilization was one of the most ancient of world civilizations, a contemporary of the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization. This civilization...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Origins. Early Harappan phase. Harappan writing or symbol system. Mature Harappan phase. Urbanism. Agriculture. Trade & commerce. Science & technology. Domestic industries & crafts. Arts & culture. Religion. Political...»

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An evaluation of the role played by the early Tudors in the growth of England as a super power

Document abstract : «The Tudor period in English history refers to the period between 1485 C.E. and 1603 C.E. that coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty. The five monarchs who ruled England during this period were Henry VII (1485 C.E. to 1509 C.E.), Henry VIII...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Henry VII. Battle of Bosworth Field. Legitimacy. Establishment of law & order and justice. Regulation of private armies. Star chambers and justices of peace. Suppression of rebellion. Economic policy. Diplomacy and final...»

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A discussion and analysis of the Indus river civilization

Document abstract : «Indus civilization is considered as the most mysterious civilization of the world because until now researchers have failed to provide a plausible explanation of the symbols and language found written on various tablets. Considered as an urban...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A brief introduction to the civilization. Different sites of Indus civilization. Mohen Jo Daro and Harappa. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The depiction of Biblical women in the letters of Abelard and Heloise

Document abstract : «Abelard and Heloise sustained a reputation as great lovers for many centuries. Yet their romantic relationship was essentially over when they composed their famous correspondence; the very nature of their love affair remains unclear. Both Abelard...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Heloise's response to Abelard . Jephthah's daughter. Wetherbee's interpretation . Heloise's wicked women. The Ethiopian woman. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The goddess in the Hebrew tradition

Document abstract : «We tend to think of the Hebrew tradition as one of solid monotheism and a consistent worship of a male God named Yahweh (or sometimes El). Many people know about the Bible story where Moses was angry with the Hebrew people on their way out of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Goddess in the ancient World. Myths about the goddess. The Hebrew goddess. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The ancient culture and history of the Mayan civilization

Document abstract : «The Mayan civilization was a densely populated and highly advanced civilization that thrived in Mesoamerica from the second century B.C.E., until the arrival of the Spanish in the 15th Century B.C.E. They had their base in the Yucatan and spread...»

Synopsis abstract : «Origins. Pre classical period. The Mayan religion. The Mayan astronomy. The Mayan calendar. The classical period. The Mayan architecture. The Mayan script. The post classical period. Post-classical developments. Spanish...»

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Indus river civilization

Document abstract : «Indus civilization is considered as the most mysterious civilizations of the world because until now researchers have failed to provide a plausible explanation of the symbols and language found written on various tablets. Considered as an urban...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A brief introduction to the civilization. Different sites of Indus Civilization. Mohen Jo Daro. Harappa. Kot Diji. Rehman Dheri. Conclusion. References....»

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La Moria Grandissima and the Legacy of the Pandemic

Document abstract : «It is widely agreed that the Black Plague first emerged in Europe in the fourteenth century around the years of 1347-48. One of the deadliest and most significant pandemics in human history, the Black Plague changed not only the face of Europe,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The term 'Black Death'. The country most affected by the pestilence . The three forms of the disease . Bubonic plague. Septicemic plague. Pneumonic plague. Religious considerations. The impact of the Black Plague on the Christian...»

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Jesus and Celibacy in the New Testament: Was Jesus Celibate?

Document abstract : «Many scholarly accounts have been written about the historical Jesus, his life, and teachings. These often dramatically different accounts are all based on the same primary source, the New Testament. We have very little other information about him...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Historical accuracy of the New Testament. Was Jesus married?. Jewish celibacy in the first century. Jesus and celibacy. Arguments in favor of celibacy. Arguments against celibacy. Conclusion. Bibliogr...»

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Arm reliquary of Saint Pantaleon and the medieval fascination with relics

Document abstract : «The Arm Reliquary of Saint Pantaleon, a late 13th century example of a "speaking" reliquary in the style of Hugo of Oignies, provides insight into the medieval obsession with relics and the growth of the cult of saints. The reliquary, presented as...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Majority of arm reliquaries . Reliquary arm of St Peter. Reliquaries become cult objects. Reliquaries of the fourth century. Constantinople's collection of christian relics. Conclusion....»

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The trial of Socrates

Document abstract : «The setting of The Apology takes place in Athens, Greece in the year 399 BC. After a 27 year war with Sparta, Athens' democratic government was replaced by an oligarchy. An oligarchy is a form of government in which a small group of tyrannical men...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The word apology.. Harsh accusations and Socrates.. Socrates' questioning of the politicians, poets and artisans.. His quest for wisdom.. The two charges of Meletus.. Adhering to a higher order of values.. His divine service as the...»

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Mesopotamian studies: Divination

Document abstract : «"In the eyes of the Mesopotamians, everything in the world was divinatory." The entire natural world shared a divine presence, according to the Mesopotamian beliefs within their religion. The Mesopotamian deities ruled supreme over the natural...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The ever-present divinity.. Different ways for the Mesopotamians to ascertain or predict the future.. Texts uncovered when the library of Assurbanipal was excavated.. Dream divination.. Conclusi...»

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Assess the role played by the Aoman Army in the local government of provinces and communities in the roman empire

Document abstract : «The Roman Empire had a very complex structure. It consisted in fact of three interconnected essential elements, each representing an instrument of the power. There was first of all, the central administration, then the provincial administration and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A permanent army for the security of the Empire.. The maintenance of law and order.. An economic role.. Culture and the spirituality.. Political organization in provinces.. Links between the sovereign and the...»

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The endurance of the "Islamic World" from the seventh century to the nineteenth century

Document abstract : «The expansion in Islam was a long process, occurring through centuries. The conquests were led in the name of the Prophet Muhammad. However, these victories were also the expression of the triumph of a people over the first Empires dominating the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The formation and the endurance of a major cultural region.. The expansion of the Islamic world.. A strong element of strength of the Islamic culture.. The main place of the intellectual activity.. The period from the eleventh to the...»

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Museum of the Native Americans

Document abstract : «As opposed to most other exhibitions on Native Americans, the one held within the Native Americans National Museum puts the emphasis on the present life of Indian Americans. They are not classified as a memory of the past anymore but as part of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Native Americans as opposed to what has been argued in the past.. Not static communities waiting for Europeans to come.. Migration.. The encounter with the Europeans.. The Native American culture.. Infusion of religion at every...»

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History of mathematics in China

Document abstract : «"Chinese mathematics" was defined by Chinese in ancient times as the "art of calculation". This art was both a practical and a spiritual one. Like in Europe, many traces of calculations and solutions of equations were found by archaeologists. Today,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Brief history.. The Chinese counting system.. Origins.. Schemes of notation.. Rod numeral system.. Traditional system (still used nowadays).. Complements.. Instruments to calculate.. Chinese counting boards.. The abacus.. The Chinese...»

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From toleration to proscription: Christian Emperors' attitude toward Paganism in the Fourth Century

Document abstract : «Constantine's conversion to Christianity in 312 at the battle of the Milvian Bridge is highly debated among scholars. There is on the other hand no doubt that the Roman population was widely pagan at that time and did not convert to Christianity...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Paganism, a secondary issue under Constantine?. The accuracy of Constantine's conversion to Christianity.. Constantine's religious legislation preserved in the Theodosian...»

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A critical study of Ramesses II: His contributions to Egypt as the last great pharaoh

Document abstract : «The dictionary definition of "great" is: "of extraordinary powers; having unusual merit;" This definition fits with the interpretation of what it was to be great according to the pharaohs of the New Kingdom, especially those of the eighteenth and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The dictionary definition of 'great'.. Events that led up to the nineteenth dynasty. . Standard set by the actions of Ramesses I and Sethos I in relation to Ramesses II.. Egypt: overcome by a series of conquests interjected by brief...»

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The evolution of the Hermaphrodite in Greek culture

Document abstract : «The nature of the hermaphrodite was a source of conflicting emotions in the Classical World. On one hand, the androgynous being represented a kind of natural deformity and was treated with fear; on the other hand, the hermaphrodite was the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The nature of the hermaphrodite.. The Hermaphrodite in Greek Mythology.. The role of the hermaphrodite in Greek mythology.. Antagonism to the fusion of two separate sexual beings.. The precedent for the appearance of androgynous...»

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The ideological clash of Athens and Sparta

Document abstract : «At the forefront of Western Civilization stood Ancient Greece and her two most prized City-States, Athens and Sparta. Although the two developed relatively alongside each other, many cultural and ideological differences arose as time spanned...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Athens - eighth century B.C.. Areopagus - indirect reason for the rise of democracy in Athens.. Aristotle's insight on a key difference between democracy and oligarchy.. Ninety years after Solon's beginning in Athenian politics.. The...»

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Wrinkles in time: Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon

Document abstract : «Anyone familiar with the claims put forth in The Book of Mormon (from here on referred to as BoM) knows that they are indeed astounding. Within its pages, one takes a glimpse into an advanced ancient culture(s) that had once populated the New World...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Plants.. Animals.. Technological innovations.. Conclusions.....»

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Wrinkles in time: Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Plants.. Animals.. Technological innovations.. Conclusions.....»

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The conquests of Alexander the great

Document abstract : «Alexander's father, Phillip II, ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BC. Alexander's accomplishments may not have been achieved if it weren't for his father's military and political efforts. Philip's military work included fortifying the Macedonian army...»

Synopsis abstract : «Alexander and the Macedonian army.. History of Alexander.. Alexander's conquests. . Alexander as a leader. . Alexander and Oxyartes.. Alexander's campaign in India.. After the death Alexander. ....»

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The Religion of Graham Greene

Document abstract : «When viewing Graham Greene from a religious perspective, or evaluating his works based upon their "religious sense," the starting assumptions of critics have been that Greene is a Catholic writer. However, analyses of Greene's work have proven that...»

Synopsis abstract : «The difficulty of extracting his personal philosophy arises from the source, fictional narrative; one must be able to distinguish between Greene's personal beliefs and the beliefs of his characters.. The ideals of these two men can be thought of as...»

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The City is a Jealous Mistress: A Socio-Historical Reading About Divided Loyalties in Hosea

Document abstract : «Here it will be attempted to examine three characters of within Hosea chapters one through three--from a socio-historical feminist viewpoint, ergo, socio-herstorical-in order to try to understand why they are portrayed the way they are in Hebrew...»

Synopsis abstract : «That history of the society is where people and context unite-and, as such, becomes socio-historical. . However, with the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 722 BCE, Syria-Palestine came under the rule of the Assyrians. . This is the possibility that...»

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The Battle of Cattalaunian Fields

Document abstract : «The Battle of Catalaunian Fields was the climax of the Hun invasion of the empire. It was this event that decided the fate of Europe because it was this battle which chose groups would to settle. If the Hun army had won European history would be...»

Synopsis abstract : «The Battle of Catalaunian Fields was the event that decided the fate of Europe.. Prelude to the Battle. Background on the Barbarian groups that participated in the Battle.. Background on Roman trouble with barbarians. The Battle of Catalaunian...»

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The Equation of Stone Tools and Human Intelligence Evolution

Document abstract : «Stone tools are often the glorified paradigm for anthropological assumptions about human intelligence evolution. Their concrete and quantifiable linkages to Paleolithic realities are what make stone tools such a pivotal addition to anthropology's...»

Synopsis abstract : «Stone tool use development is one of the clearest indicators for demonstrating our evolutionary divergence from other species. An appropriate framework for understanding tool development inferences . Stone tools automatically imply a transaction...»

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Law and Order in Ancient China

Document abstract : «Social development in most countries is predicated upon the history and tradition of the country in its early years of development. In other words, the direct issues of law and order that have become a part of modern social discourse can be traced...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Law and Order in Ancient China?an Overview. All Chinese history had to be forced into the Procrustean bed of the doctrine.. Practice of Judge Dee. Synthesis of the Information. Conclusion....»

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Argumentative paper about the Islamic Empire

Document abstract : «The short period of time after the death of Mohammad was a tumultuous one of growth and redefinition. What would follow Mohammad's career of revelations and what it would mean for a society governed by them was the looming question to be quickly and...»

Synopsis abstract : «The Birth of Islam as an Empire.. Khalid ibn-Walid (known as The Holy Sword) is a historical figure of some myth and his history.. Khalid was needlessly cruel and on more than one occasion was chastised for being overly violent.. ....»

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Handmaid of God: The Developing Social Class of the Virgin Mary

Document abstract : «Although the Virgin Mary is depicted in the gospel text and other religious literature as primarily a humble "handmaid of God," imagery in medieval representations of her tend to downplay that aspect of her personality. Instead, social class is what...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Mary's humility: Found in contemporary writings. Humility as the number one virtue for Mary. A gradually increasing emphasis on Mary's humanity and circumstances of her domestic life. Jan van Eyck: A Flemish artist born in 1385. Van...»

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Buddhism In Thirteenth Century Japan

Document abstract : «In 794, Emperor Kammu of Japan moved the capital from Nara to Heian, in an attempt to separate the in-fluential Buddhist sects of Nara from the state. This led to the development of Heian Buddhism, which is identified by the idea that everyone can...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Japanese monks Saicho and Kukai. The idea of universal Buddhahood . The founding of the Pure Land School. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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The Greater Good

Document abstract : «Joan of Arc never lived to hear her own name; she never lived to see her own deliverance. Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) died a heretic. Redeemed twenty-five years later at the nullification of the Rouen trial that sentenced her to the stake,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Joan the Maid's childhood . The introduction of the sister of Jeanne, Catherine. Attempts to view Joan of Arc beyond a religious context. Miracles, visions and voices . Jeanne's future sainthood . Conclusion. Works cited....»

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The image of Ireland and the Irish in the classical and late antique Roman sources

Document abstract : «Classical Antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centred on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC) and continues through the rise of Christianity and the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Romans and Ireland. Ireland: A wretched place to live . The Roman Latin name for the island of Ireland: Hibernia. The climate of Ireland. Ancient accounts of the Irish . The influence of a conception of remoteness as an indicator...»

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