Term papers, Research papers and Presentations in Biology

Lab Report: Fermentation

Document abstract : «Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast. It uses the NADH produced by glycolysis and "regenerates" more NAD+ which is then again used by glycolysis. The process of Alcohol fermentation is the one we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The experiment. The procedure. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Unilateral lesions of the Nigrostriatal pathway

Document abstract : «The nigrostriatal system through the basal ganglia is essential for regulating motor movement. Normal motor behavior requires a delicate balance between the excitatory direct pathway and the inhibitory indirect pathway modulated by the D1 and D2...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract.. Introduction.. Materials and methods.. Animals.. Surgery.. Behavioral testing.. Preoperative testing.. Postoperative testing.. Histology.. Intracardial perfusion.. Sectioning and staining.. Anatomical analysis.. Statistical...»

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Fermentation Lab Report

Document abstract : «Cells need energy to do work to carry out metabolic processes that keep them alive and functioning. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. All plant and animal cells use a process known as cellular...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methods. Results. Discussion. Works cited....»

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Cardiovascular lab report focusing on Amphibian Heart

Document abstract : «The heart is an integral part of the cardiovascular system in the body of vertebrates. It provides the pressure needed for the blood to be pumped to different parts of the body. The heart maintains the flow of blood throughout the whole...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The role of the heart. Sustaining a certain rhythm. The affect of drugs on the rhythmic beating of the heart . The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system . The cardiac cycle. The procedure as written in Foundations of...»

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Bees, Wasps and Ants

Document abstract : «By far the most important venomous insects are members of the order Hymenoptera, including bees, wasps, and ants. They vary in size from minute to large (up to 60 mm in body length). The abdomen and thorax are connected by a slender pedicle that may...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Bees. The honeybee (Apis mellifera). The first escapes from hives . Fatal attacks around the world. Wasps. Social wasps . Solitary wasps . Ants. Harvester ants . Stinging patterns. Venom and venom appa...»

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Frog Cardiovascular System

Document abstract : «The heart is probably one of the most important muscles in an organism's body. It is what drives the flow of nutrients, oxygen, and other vital cells across an organism's body. In different organisms the heart can have slightly different anatomical...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The blood in the frogs heart . The delay in ventricular contraction . Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in the cells. Methods. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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A study on immunology

Document abstract : «Immunology is a subject, which deals with immune system and immune reactions in our body. Immune system works by the principle of learning process. When a pathogen attacks for the first time, it leads to infection, but when it attacks for the second...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Components of immunity. Historical perspectives. Theories of immunity. Selective theory . Instructional theory. Immunoglobulins. Structure and composition. Secondary components. Carbhohydrates moieties. Ideotypes. Incomplete antigen or...»

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A study on cytoskeleton

Document abstract : «The skeleton of the vertebrate is a familiar organ system consisting of hardened elements supporting the soft tissues of the body and play a key role in mediating bodily movements. Eukaryotic cells also posses a "skeletal system", which is of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Functions of cytoskeleton. External cell movement . Cellular movement. Internal cell movement . Cellular motors . Broken motors . Study of cytoskeleton. The use of fluoresce microscopy. The use of video microscopy. The use of...»

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A study on insecticide treatment

Document abstract : «Mosquitoes are among the best-known groups of insects, because of their importance to man as pests and vectors of some of the most distressing human diseases. They are the most important insect vectors of human diseases and the most common of blood...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Vector control. Ecological control. Physical control. Genetic control. Translocation. Genetic sexing. Sterile insect technique. Chemical control. Biology of culex mosquito. Identification of males and females. Classification and...»

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A study on biosensors

Document abstract : «A Biosensor may be defined as "a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically-derived sensing element either integrated within or intimately associated with a physico-chemical transducer. The usual aim of a biosensor is to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Biosensors: Past, present and future. Properties of biosensors. Principle and working of biosensors. Bio catalyst. Transducer. Amplifier. Microprocessor. Display. Principle of biosensors. The biological concept. Whole microbial...»

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Extraction of amylase from bacillus subtillis

Document abstract : «Microbial cells produce a variety of enzymes. These enzymes are the biological catalysts for the biochemical reactions, leading to microbial growth and respiration, as well as to produce fermentation products. Enzymes are used for a variety of...»

Synopsis abstract : «List of abbreviations. Introduction. Materials and methods. Sterilization. Isolation of soil samples. Serial dilution agar plating method. Identification of bacillus subtilis. Gram staining. Submerged state fermentation. Purification of amylase...»

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Selection of salinity plant in some of the pulse crops

Document abstract : «In many densely populated countries the average size of farm holding is becoming small. Further in most of the developing countries agriculture often encounters various biotic and abiotic stress namely diseases, pests, drought, nutritional...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Meaning of stress. Kinds of stress. Breeding salt tolerant varities. Importance of plant tissue culture. Techniques of plant tissue culture. Culture technique. Zygotic embryo culture. Culture of immature embryos. Culture of mature...»

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Analysis of the experiments conducted in the study of micro biology

Document abstract : «What is microbiology? Why would any student enroll in microbiology? Now that you were told to take microbiology or now that you selected microbiology; it is important that you know what to expect. Microbiology is the study of science of (-logy)...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definition. Characteristics and size. Classifying the microbes. Importance of microbes. Beneficial. Harmful. Biogenesis. Isolation of bacteria from human skin. Bacterial staining. Meaning of bacteria. Properties. Classification. Gram stain. History...»

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A study on oxygen binding proteins

Document abstract : «Myoglobin and hemoglobin may be the most-studied and best-understood proteins. They were the first protein for which three-dimensional structures were determined, and our current understanding of myoglobin and hemoglobin is garnered from the work of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Other biological oxygen-binding proteins. Myoglobin. Hemocyanin. Hemerythrin. Vanabins. Erythrocruorin. Pinnaglobin. Leghemoglobin. Hemoglobin. Oxygen transportation. Structure of hemoglobin. Structure of myoglobin. Structural change...»

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A study on stem cells

Document abstract : «With millions of people dying and suffering every year from various diseases, scientists are becoming more and more eager to find cures and treatments. One potential treatment emanates from the research of human stem cells. Stem cells are...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. History of stem cell research . Uniqueness of stem cells. Properties of stem cells. Signals that control a cell's genes . The most unique property of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Process of characterization to...»

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The tree species specificity and inter specific interactions of Spanish moss

Document abstract : «Inter specific interactions are the relationships demonstrated between two species and how one species affects the other. The four main types of these interactions are competition, predation, commensalisms, and mutualism. Spanish moss is a plant...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. The four main inter specific interactions . Observing and analyzing the interactions . Tillandsia Usneoides / Spanish Moss. Spanish moss coverage on palm trees. Spanish moss is tree species specific. The statistical...»

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Study of Gibberellins' Effect on Height and Biomass of Rosette and Wild Type Brassica rapa

Document abstract : «Gibberellins (GA) are plant hormones involved with overall plant growth. Brassica Rapa, a flowering plant species, which possesses the wild type phenotype or the rosette, dwarfed, phenotype, was used to explore the effects of Gibberellins on the two...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. The use of gibberellins or gibberellic acid . The lab procedure and materials . A two-way ANOVA . Final height of Brassica rapa in response to concentrations. Comparison between the average height of the control wild type Brassica rapa...»

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Cloning and purification of green fluorescent protein and its study

Document abstract : «A key step in proteomics the study of proteins function and structure is the purification of proteins. The ability to isolate and purify specific proteins is an essential feature of Modern biochemistry as it allows scientist to study proteins in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction of GFP. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) . Poly histidinetag. Calmodulin binding Protein (CBP) . Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP). Overview literature of GFP. Osamu Shimomura . Douglas Prasher . Marty Chalfie. Sergey A Lukyanov. The 3d...»

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Investigating the frequencies of gene and genotype in the human population

Document abstract : «Mendelian genetics is built on the work done by the "father of genetics", Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884). His contributions to the study of inheritance paved the way for our basic understanding of how traits are inherited from one generation to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Mendelian traits. Population genetics. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Testing of hypothesis. Aim and objective. Methodology. Data sampling techniques. Data collection techniques. Photos. Data sheets. Data analysis and calculation. Result...»

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Height and seed type preferences of the Black-Capped Chickadee

Document abstract : «The practices and behaviors employed by the black-capped chickadee displayed selective strategies towards the active foraging of food in the months prior to winter. The chickadees would collect food at a high rate, hide them, and subsequently return...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Methods. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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A history of epilepsy and the important contributions of John Hughlings Jackson

Document abstract : «The word epilepsy is derived from the Greek verb epilambanein, meaning to be seized, to be overwhelmed by surprise (The History and Stigma of Epilepsy, 2003; Temkin, 1971). Epilepsy is a relatively common brain disorder − affecting between...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Epilepsy: As it is understood today. Epileptic seizures. The classification of the epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. History of epilepsy up to hughlings jackson. Beginnings of modern ideas on epilepsy. Who is Hughlings Jackson?. The...»

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Conserved pathways of limb development in vertebrate embryos

Document abstract : «Mice and chick embryos serve as ideal test subjects in the analysis of developmental characteristics. Through in-vivo manipulation, signaling frameworks have been constructed to explain and describe the development of limbs (Tickle, 2004). The basis...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A study on developmental research. Specification of signaling systems. Localization of various signaling molecules. Formation and development of limbs within the vertebrate phylum. Overview of vertebrate limb development. Sonic...»

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Tissues

Document abstract : «Organisms are classified into two types based on the number of cells they are composed of- unicellular and multicellular. Multicellular organisms have many cells. But unlike in unicellular, where one cell performs all the functions, cells of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Types of organism. Definition of tissues. Animal tissues. Plant tissues. Functions of various tissues. Differentiation between bone and Cartilage. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Determination of various protein concentrations by means of spectrophotometry

Document abstract : «Spectrophotometry relies on the varying capabilities of molecules to absorb photons of light. This absorbance is characteristic of specific compounds, and can therefore be utilized to quantify and classify the presence/quantities of various...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methods. Results. Sample calculations. Standardized concentration calculations. Lowry Assay concentration calculations. UV Direct Assay concentration calculations. Discussion. Conclusion...»

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Bioreactor: Optimizing E.Coli fermentation for Bacteria directed enzyme prodrug therapy

Document abstract : «E.coli strain WM04 was determined as a viable option for Bacteria Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Determination of suitability for animal testing depends on sufficient quantities of bacteria being produced through fermentation. Optimal operating...»

Synopsis abstract : «...»

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The fundamental unit of life: Cell

Document abstract : «When you look at a your house, you can see that it has got walls, doors ,windows and ventilators. All these things are the building blocks of your house. Similarly , bodies of all living organisms are made up of small unit which is called as a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Discovery of cell. Do it yourself. Cell theory. Cell size. Cell shape. Cell number. Classification of cells. Constitution and structural organization of a cell. Plasma membrane or cell membrane. Functions of Plasma...»

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The effect of diatomaceous earth on the behavior of the Red Imported Fire Ant

Document abstract : «Solenopsis invicta, the Red Imported Fire Ant, was brought over on ship cargo by accident from Central Brazil between 1933 and 1945 (Sullivan, 2003). Since then, it has become one of the most hated nonnative pests in the Southern region of North...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Materials and methods.. Results.. Introduction of the ants to their new habitats.. The first trial.. The second trial.. Discussion.. Bibliography.....»

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Is the Dingo a true Aussie specie? Managing the Dingo (Canis lupus dingo): Conflict between the anthropogenic and environmental factors

Document abstract : «According to Aboriginal myths and legends, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) would have evolved in Australia from the "Dreaming" - the creation period - and have always been a highly estimated and valued companion. As a consequence of these oral...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Australian evolutionary process.. Description of Dingoes.. The role of Dingoes in the extinction of the Thylacine.. The biological traits of the Dingoes.. Adam O'Neill's explanation in his book Living with the Dingo.. The most...»

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Salon Vivez Nature: Trade Show of biological agriculture and natural products

Document abstract : «What is a biological product? A product is considered biological when the producer did not use any pesticide, chemical weedkiller or fertilizer of synthesis. The biological farmers rather use natural manures, original seeds and cultivate the ground...»

Synopsis abstract : «Information.. Presentation of sector.. Commentary on the exhibitors.. Summary of an interview.. Personal conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Studying the soybean nodulation at McGill University

Document abstract : «This summer I had the great opportunity to do my three months training in McGill University in Quebec, Canada. It is one of the oldest Canadian universities, considered one of the most prestigious universities in Canada and one of the best in North...»

Synopsis abstract : «Presentation of the oldest Canadian university: McGill University.. McGill university history.. Academic profile.. McGill hierarchical organization.. Strategies and financial aspects.. The Soybean nodulation.. The nodulation and the plant hormone...»

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Chemicals obtained from wood

Document abstract : «A wide array of both commodity and specialty chemicals can be derived from wood, either as a primary product or by-product of another process. The technologies in which chemicals are the primary products include thermal degradation, hydrolysis/...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Extractives.. Terpenes.. Resin acids.. Fatty acids.. Phenolics.. Pharmaceuticals.. Polysaccharides.. Lignin.. Hydrolysis and fermentation.. The sacchari?cation of wood.. The disadvantage.. Another product of fermentation...»

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New methodology using synchrotron radiation to characterize fast events in food processing

Document abstract : «In a typical food process, a hot mixture is made, which is then cooled rapidly. A main result of cooling is a change in physical state and/or molecular structure. Often, a succession of physical changes occurs as the product cools. Events occurring...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The problem.. The mixing of ingredients at higher temperature.. The engineer or scientist seeking to control a food process.. Choice of method.. XRD Technology.. Production of X-rays.. Detector technology.. Applications to biological...»

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Methodology in biological psychology

Document abstract : «Biological psychology manipulates and observes psychological variables just as do all other fields of psychology. However, to delineate the somatic contribution to behavior and mental functions, biological psychology needs to draw evidence from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Biological psychology studies both humans and non-human animals.. Biological psychology uses a variety of approaches.. Some issues involved in different approaches and methods.. Motor behaviour: reflexes, movements and...»

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Sociology of the family: global advances and challenges

Document abstract : «Sociology of the family as a field of research, education and action faces many challenges and critics, both within academic institutions and in the larger society. This paper focuses on recent developments in international family sociology in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Rapid social and economic change: impact on the opportunities for families and scholars.. Issues.. Historical views.. Advances and challenges.. Mobility and stability: shaping individual, family, ethnic and national...»

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Sap-sucking insects in forests

Document abstract : «Insects of the order Hemiptera have mouthparts specialized for piercing and sucking, and within the suborder Homoptera of this order two groups, the Auchenorhyncha and Sternorhyncha, speciﬁcally feed on plants. As their general name implies...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mode of feeding and nitrogen metabolism.. Regional distribution and abundance.. Ecology.. Direct effects of sapsucker infestation.. The presence of the wood ant.. Aphid-infested sycamore saplings.. The width of the annual rings of...»

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Overview of manufacturing beer: Ingredients, processes and quality criteria

Document abstract : «Beer is one of the oldest cultural achievements of mankind and one of the most popular beverages all over the world. From the technological point of view, beer has four main properties based on its contents and manufacturing processes. It is (i)...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Raw materials.. Water.. Barley and other cereals.. Grain contents.. Hop (Humulus lupulus L).. Yeast.. Making beer.. Malting.. Brewing process.. Quality criteria of beer.. Flavor stability.. Colloidal stability.. Foam...»

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Biometric research as experimental method in science

Document abstract : «Any discussion of research in a scientiﬁc ﬁeld is subject to caveats because research must of necessity be less deﬁnitive than a discussion of the ﬁeld's established operational practices. First, enumerations of current...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Forest sustainability.. Frameworks for sustainability assessments.. National forest inventories.. Design and analyses.. Data delivery.. Internet access.. Plot Integrity and data privacy.. Summary.....»

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Genetic systems of forest trees

Document abstract : «The term 'genetic system' was coined in 1932 by C.D. Darlington, one of the renowned pioneers of cytogenetics. His original deﬁnition was limited: Properties of heredity and variation, methods of reproduction and the control of breeding, we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cytological factors.. Mating pattern and gene flow.. The mating pattern.. Outcrossing plant species.. Metandry.. Wind pollination - characteristic of gymnosperms.. Self-incompatibility and embryonic lethals.. Mode of...»

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Molecular biology of forest trees

Document abstract : «In order to genetically engineer a plant, one must be able to insert a gene into the genome of an individual plant cell and then cause that cell to differentiate into a whole plant. The former process is referred to as transformation; the latter,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Transformation and regeneration.. Agrobacterium.. Recombinant DNA techniques.. Platforms for studying tree biology.. Marker-aided selection.. Gene-tagging methods.. Poplar genome sequence and informatics.. Transformation to con?rm...»

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Toll-like receptors as part of the innate immune response

Document abstract : «There are two major arms of the immune system: innate immune response, and acquired, or adaptive, immune response. Phagocytic cells recognize pathogens that bind to specific receptor recognition molecules or through complement fixation, and then...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Discovery of toll-like receptors In humans.. Expression of human toll-like receptors.. Toll-like receptors in innate and adaptive immunity.. Pathways.. Syphilis.. Bacterial infections.. Candidal infections.. Autoimmune...»

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Foliage feeders in temperate and boreal forests

Document abstract : «Insect consumers of tree foliage comprise one of the most abundant and diverse feeding guilds in forest ecosystems. Known as folivores, this guild is integral to the structure and functioning of forests. Folivores inﬂuence vital ecosystem...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Diversity.. Feeding ecology.. Population dynamics.. Life-history traits.. Population regulation.. Population cycles.. Impacts of foliage-feeding insects on trees.. Conclusion.....»

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Neuroimmunology

Document abstract : «Human skin consists of a sophisticated network of nerve fibers and specialized sensory structures to transduce sensations of touch, vibration, temperature, and pain. Nerve fibers have dual functions: to transmit afferent sensory impulses to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Neuropeptides.. Receptors.. Substance P.. Catecholamines.. Neuropeptide Y.. Adenosine triphosphate.. Neurogenic inflammation.. Cutaneous/Dermatologic diseases.. Urticaria.. Pruritus.. Atopic dermatitis.. Psoriasis.. Vitiligo...»

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Biological impacts of deforestation and fragmentation

Document abstract : «In addition to housing the majority of the planet's biodiversity, forest ecosystems are the basis for trillions of dollars in global revenue. They are homes to indigenous groups, sources of food, medicines, and raw materials for industry, and they...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Physical consequences of deforestation.. Habitat loss and insularization.. Abiotic changes in forest fragments.. Biological consequences of fragmentation.. Changes in individual physiology and behavior.. Changes in population size and...»

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Innate and adaptive immunity

Document abstract : «Immunology has roughly been split into two major subdivisions: cellular immunity, which comprises all different immunocompetent cells, and humoral immunity, a collection of all molecules involved in immune processes, such as cytokines,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Innate and adaptive compartments linked by dendritic cells.. Innate immunity and the skin immune system.. Monocytes and (Tissue) macrophages.. Granulocytes.. Natural killer cells.. Adaptive immunity and the skin immune system.. B...»

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Bark beetles

Document abstract : «Bark beetles are small, dark, cylindrical beetles, usually less than 7mm long. As their name implies, they are usually associated with woody plants. Despite their small size and modest appearance, they have an intriguing assemblage of feeding and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Taxonomy.. Life cycle.. Host plants.. Colonizing post plants.. Factors limiting population growth.. Ecosystem processes.. Fire.. Forest succession.. Decomposition.. Management options.. Conclusion.....»

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Reproductive ecology of forest trees

Document abstract : «Plant reproductive processes encompass biotic interactions, such as pollination and seed predation and dispersal, and abiotic elements, notably disturbance that creates differential reproductive opportunities for plant groups and thereby maintains...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. General reproductive strategies.. Vegetative reproduction.. Sexual reproduction.. Pollination of angiosperms.. Pollination by vertebrates.. Pollination by invertebrates.. Wind pollination.. Breeding systems and incompatibility.. Seed...»

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Forest canopies

Document abstract : «The word canopy is derived from the Latin conopeum, describing a mosquito net over a bed. For canopy researchers in many tropical and temperate forests, this derivation is all too ﬁtting. Forest canopies are home to perhaps 50% of all living...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Definition.. Discovery and exploration.. The naturalist and explorer William Beebe.. The scope and extent of canopy studies.. Modern Canopy access systems.. Methods of access.. Climbing techniques and mechanical methods.. Towers and...»

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Cytokines and chemokines

Document abstract : «Cytokines are soluble low-molecular weight glycoproteins or small polypeptides that act in an autocrine or paracrine manner between leukocytes and other cells. Cytokines have many biologic functions and are important for leukocyte growth and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cytokines.. Transforming growth factor.. Interferons.. Tumor necrosis factor.. The effects of TNF-? on wound healing.. Chimeric mouse antihuman IgG1 monoclonal antibodies.. Interleukins.. Chemok...»

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Regulation of pigment biosynthesis in flowers

Document abstract : «Flower color, along with fragrance, floral shape and nectar reward, is important to the interaction between plants and pollinators; and preferences towards specific colors are exhibited by pollinators, whether they are birds, bees, butterflies or...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Regulation of pigment biosynthesis in flowers.. The induction of the pigment biosynthetic genes.. Adequate carbohydrate level.. Post-transcriptional regulation.. Post-transcriptional translational mechanisms.. Regulation of flavonoid...»

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Biodiversity in forests

Document abstract : «Interest in biodiversity began in the mid-1980s with the Biodiversity Symposium, held in Washington, DC, sponsored by the National Academy of Science. Within increasing human populations and rising demands for resources and living space, the need to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Biodiversity types.. Genetic diversity.. Species diversity.. Landscape diversity.. Inventory challenges.. Types of biological surveys.. Biodiversity inventory strategies.. Steps for developing a biodiversity inventory.. Linking with...»

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Agroforestry

Document abstract : «Agroforestry is a term for practices where trees are combined with farming, as well as for the interdisciplinary subject area embracing land use systems, at a range of scales from that of the ﬁeld to the planet, that involve interactions...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction and definition.. Why agrofestry?. The significance of scale.. Agroforestry practices.. Trees and arable crops.. Trees, livestock and grazed pasture.. Trees and animals without pasture.. Plantation tree crop agroforestry and multistrata...»

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Developmental control and biotechnology of floral pigmentation

Document abstract : «For many angiosperms, pigment formation is a key part of flower development. At least 200 plant genera contain species that show color change during flower development. Thus, variation in flower color associated with a change in nectar and pollen...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The biosynthesis of plant pigments.. Flavonoid and betalain pigments.. The requirement for appropriate enzyme complexes to be formed.. The biosynthesis of flavonoids.. Formation of flavonoid pathway precursors.. Formation of chalcones...»

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Timing of senescence: The opening act

Document abstract : «Flower senescence in this context will happen when it becomes more advantageous for the plant to construct a new flower - including renewed odds of getting pollinated - than to maintain an existing one. Flower senescence can therefore be defined as...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Genotypes.. Carbohydrates.. Significant changes in carbohydrate levels.. Recent work in arabidopsis thaliana.. Circadian rhythms.. Interorgan communication.. Timing of senescence of petals and corollas.. Styles in triggering...»

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Flower senescence

Document abstract : «Flowers, no matter their size, shape, color or structure, have one important function for plants: sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction consists of several distinct developmental processes including pollen production, ovule formation, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Categories of flower senescence.. Age related versus pollination induced.. Ethylene sensitive versus ethylene insensitive.. Abscised versus persistent petals.. From anthesis to senescence: Setting the stage.. Physiological...»

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Vernalization

Document abstract : «The term vernalization is derived from the Latin word vernus meaning 'of the spring'. Vernalization was defined as 'the acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment'. The promotion of flowering by vernalization is the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Vernalization and flowering time control.. Dissecting the molecular processes involved in vernalization.. Addressing the mechanisms of vernalization using Arabidopsis as a model.. Arabidopsis vernalization requirement.. Early...»

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Vernalization requirement and vernalization response

Document abstract : «The major loci controlling vernalization requirement in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum are VRN1 and VRN2 (in cereals the VERNALIZATION, VRN, designation applies to genes conferring a vernalization requirement and differs from Arabidopsis...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Vernalization requirement evolved independently in temperate cereals.. Vernalization response.. Arabidopsis vernalization respons.. Vernalization response in species other than Arabidopsis.. Connecting cold to...»

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Regulation of floral organ-identity gene expression

Document abstract : «A key advance in the field of flower development has been the uncovering of a direct role for the FM-identity gene LEAFY (LFY) in activation of the floral organ-identity genes. LFY encodes a novel plant-specific DNA-binding protein that can bind in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Floral organ-identity gene expression.. A key advancement in the field of flower development.. Expression of each of the floral organ-identity genes.. Regulation of AP1 expression.. Initiation of B class gene expression by LFY, UFO...»

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Molecular biology of floral organogenesis

Document abstract : «In the early 1990s, genetic studies on Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus led to the isolation and characterization of floral organ-identity genes (also called floral homeotic genes) and the establishment of the seminal ABC model for flower...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Floral organ-identity genes and the ABC model.. Ectopic expression studies providing Support for the ABC Model.. SEPALLATA genes work with ABC genes to specify organ identity.. MADS-domain protein complexes.. C...»

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Biotechnology of floral development

Document abstract : «The understanding of floral development at a molecular level has proceeded at an unprecedented rate. Molecular genetic studies on two model plants, Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis in particular, have provided the foundation for this progress through the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Methods for gene discovery and manipulation.. Modern agro-biotechnology techniques.. Reverse genetic system.. Gene silencing.. A more favored manipulation method.. Misexpression-overexpression.. Ectopically express a particular gene...»

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Genetic engineering of plant cells

Document abstract : «In this text, we shall see how selection data have been used to assist the design of experiments on the modification of plants using recombinant DNA (genetic engineering). It is evident that in some situations the potential of in vitro selection is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction .. Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation.. Genetic engineering.. Direct gene transfer into plants.. Viruses as gene vectors.. Conclusion.....»

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The molecular biology of apomixis

Document abstract : «Apomixis is the subject of a number of recent reviews. Some authors have focused on the potential agronomic and economic benefits of apomixes. Others have discussed the developmental and genetic basis of apomixes or reviewed current theory regarding...»

Synopsis abstract : «.Introduction. What apomixis is and where it is found.. The asexual structure of seeds.. The distribution of the trait.. Asexual reproduction in animals.. The widespread distribution of apomixis amongst flowering plants.. Apomixis in...»

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Genes regulating ovule development

Document abstract : «Ovules are the precursors of seeds. More specifically, they are sporophyticstructures and the site of megagametogenesis or female gamete shape that culminates in the formation of the haploid embryo sac. The prototypical angiosperm ovule consists of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Ovule evolution.. The nucellus derived from a mega sporangium.. A single integument found in gymnosperms.. Molecular evolution.. Research on the morphogenesis of ovules and the molecular genetic model of ovule progress.. Strubellig...»

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Flower origin

Document abstract : «Since the identity of floral organs is specified by conserved floral organ-identity genes, clarifying the phylogeny of these genes and their protein products may provide us with valuable insights into the evolution of flowers. Analysis of numerous...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Flower origin.. The expression patterns of gymnosperm B and C genes.. Differential expression of B genes specifying male organ identity.. Floral diversification.. Organ identity.. The perigon of Liliaceae.. Petaloid organs in...»

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Physiology of Photoperiodism

Document abstract : «Photoperiodism can be defined as the response to changes in day length that enables plants (or any other living organism) to adapt to seasonal changes in their environment. Except at the equator, the passage of the year is marked by a continuous but...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Discovery and variation. The response of plants to the daily duration of light.. The length of the day and night.. Transmissible signals.. A common feature of photoperiodism.. The signal passing between leaves and response...»

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Improvement of plants via plant cell culture

Document abstract : «The techniques of plant cell culture facilitate the rapid production of variant cell lines via selection procedures similar to those employed in microbial systems. These variant cell lines are useful in research into the genetics and biochemistry of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Selection of variant cell lines.. Production of variant plants from selected cells.. Production of herbicide-tolerant plants.. Production of chill-tolerant plants from cultured cells.. Production of salt-tolerant plants through in...»

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Isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase

Document abstract : «The continued production of protein-based medicines and chemically-engineered enzymatic products necessitates further information about protein structure and function. An enzyme in a cell can have many functions or loci. To account for slight...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Results.. Discussion.. Methods.. Conclusion.....»

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Protein analysis of Sea Urchin sperm cells

Document abstract : «Cells express different gene products in order to achieve specialization and differentiation. Sperm are highly specialized to do nothing more than fertilize an oocyte, and they are thus an excellent candidate for research into cellular...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Results.. Discussion.. Methods.. Conclusion.....»

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Benzodiazepine/ GABAA receptor characteristics

Document abstract : «GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acidA) receptors are recognized as the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. The GABAA receptors are pentameric membrane proteins consisting of five subunits. The subunits...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Methods.. Tissue preparation.. BZ saturation binding.. Displacement experiment.. Mutant Mouse Binding.. PCR and gel electrophoresis.. Results.. Saturation analysis of 3H-Flu binding.. Displacement experiment.. Mutant mouse...»

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The Giant Panda

Document abstract : «The Giant Panda, scientifically known as the Ailurodopa melanoleuca, is considered an endangered species found in a few mountain ranges in central China, Sichuan, Shannxi, and the Gansu Provinces, according to the Smithsonian National Zoological...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The make up of the animals. Massicot's views on the life of the Giant Panda. The newborn. Mving for food. Conclusion. Resources....»

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Skeletal Radiology and Bone Growth

Document abstract : «Radiographic examination is the key to the diagnosis of many skeletal abnormalities. It is essential that each bone be examined in its entirety, including the cortex, medullary canal (cancellous bone or spongiosa), and articular ends. The position...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Skeletal scintigraphy. Computed tomography. Skeletal growth and maturation. Prediction of adult height. Disturbance in skeletal growth and maturation. References....»

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Analysis of an Association between Nicotine Dependence and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Document abstract : «The goal of this paper is to evaluate the significance of the co-morbidity of nicotine abuse in adolescents afflicted with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Due to the nature of the disorder and its possible underlying pathophysiology...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Background. ADHD and the smoking epidemic. Prenatal exposure. Neurobiological support. Pliszka etal (1996) Multistage Hypothesis of ADHD. Self medication hypothesis. Conclusion. References....»

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Novel pressure-relief wheelchair: research paper

Document abstract : «Pressure sores are painful and debilitating tissue wounds which commonly affect wheelchair users. Current treatment of pressure sores requires bed-rest for up to sixteen weeks, which is unacceptable for patients with active life-styles. The purpose...»

Synopsis abstract : «Nomenclature. Scope. Introduction to pressure ulcers. Pressure sore overview. Pressure sore incident rate and treatment cost. Managing and preventing pressure sores. Problem statement. Design constraints. Design goals. Americans with Disabilities...»

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Water Research Project

Document abstract : «The human body is composed of 50-80% water. Blood and muscles contain significant amounts, and approximately 95% of the brain is water. All body systems and organs need water to function properly, and will shut down without it. Most of the chemical...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Dehydration and drinking too much water. Quality of drinking water. Problems effecting drinking water. Conclusion. References....»

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Face Value: The Complexities of Genetic Engineering

Document abstract : «Society is no stranger to technology - it has been adapting it and advancing it for decades. Technology has completely revolutionized the way we interact each other as well as ourselves. Due to this complete integration, there has been an addiction...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The film Gattaca. Complication that can stem from genetic engineering. Weighing the good and the bad....»

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Natural Selection vs. Divine Creation

Document abstract : «From the beginning of the ideas presented by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species, and their gaining support from the scientific community, the theory of evolution was been met with opposition. A great deal of this opposition came from religious...»

Synopsis abstract : «The Argument from Design. Charles Darwin's opposition of Paley's ideas. Paley's most classic example. The complexity of the eye according to Darwin. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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Effects of Road Salt on Germination and Growth

Document abstract : «This report examined the effects of road salt in relation to growth and germination in the Brassica rapa, a common turnup flower. The initial questions considered if the salt would actually affect the growth. There were four groups of plants which...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Materials and methods section. Results. Discussion. Acknowledgment. References....»

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Results and Figures of Salt on Germination and Growth

Document abstract : «Finding the effects of salt on germination and growth of plants took twenty-two days of research. Each collection day the height, height of the leaf, color, height of the node, number of buds, and the number of the flowers were taken into account....»

Synopsis abstract : «Finding the effects of salt on germination. The first half of the experiment. The hypothesis....»

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Brassica Rapa in Comparison With Sodium Chloride

Document abstract : «In this study the Brassica Rapa will be tested to see if salt water effects it's growth. Data will be taken from four different types of groups: distilled water; 0.25% of sodium chloride; 1.00% of sodium chloride; and 4.00% of sodium chloride....»

Synopsis abstract : «The Brassica Rapa. Uses. How plant cells protect from salt dammage. The strategy of injecting sodium into a plant. Conclusion. References....»

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The Social History of LSD

Document abstract : «When Albert Hofmann created LSD 25 during experimentation in his laboratory, he had no idea what was to become of it, or what kind of an impact it would have. "Dr. Humphry Osmond invented the term 'psychodelic', which was later amended to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The government, the CIA and research and testing of psychedelic drugs. CIA's experiments with LSD. Testing acid on unwitting American citizens. The Psychedelic Research Project in 1960. The voyage of the Furthur . LSD and changes in...»

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The CCR5-Delta 32 Genetic Mutation and Human Evolution

Document abstract : «Genetic mutations are not uncommon. They can happen for a variety of reasons and have a variety of effects. Those with negative effects are weeded out by natural selection, and those with positive effects prevail and are accumulated due to natural...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The CCR5-Delta32 mutation . The scientists that favor the smallpox origins argument . The basic question . Works cited....»

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Venomous Lizards

Document abstract : «The two venomous lizards of the world are impressive creatures about which much misinformation has been spread for centuries. They have been thought to possess supernatural features such as poisonous breath, a stinging tail and the ability to spit...»

Synopsis abstract : «Anatomy. Venom. Clinical presentation. Management. Prehospital care. Hospital care. Morbidity and mortality. References....»

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Venomous Snakes

Document abstract : «The term pit viper comes from the presence of paired, highly sensitive, thermoreceptor organs (pits) present on the forward portion of these snakes' heads. These structures, also known as foveal organs, serve the snake in locating prey, aiming...»

Synopsis abstract : «Anatomy. Pit vipers. Coral snakes. Venoms. Pit viper venom . Juvenile rattlesnakes. Neurotoxicity . Mojave toxin . Conclusion. References....»

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An Assessment of Historical and Contemporary Land Use at Hedgehog Mountain, Freeport, Maine, via Field Observation

Document abstract : «The purpose of this investigation was to collect information that allowed the formulation of a hypothesis as to the land-use history of the Hedgehog Mountain preserve, and to correlate empirical observations with a limited literature review in an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methods. Results. Plant communities. Hydrology. Disturbance history. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Intraneuronal Signaling Pathways

Document abstract : «Prior to delineating the organization of specific intraneuronal signaling pathways, it is important to consider, in general terms, their role in helping neurons interpret and respond to the barrage of afferent stimulation impinging on them...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Intraneuronal signaling pathways . The concept of neurons or networks of neurons. Major signaling pathways. Neurotransmitter receptors . Cyclic AMP . Cyclic GMP . Phosphoinositide (PI). Direct coupling between G proteins and ion...»

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Ion Channels

Document abstract : «Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Voltage-gated ion channels allow the flow of ions in response to changes in membrane voltage and are key elements in neuronal excitation and inhibition. Although ion channels can usually pass more...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The relation between primary protein structure and ion channel function . Toxins isolated from the buttercup family . Potassium (K+) channels . Delayed rectifier channels . M channels . KATP channels . Calcium (Ca2+) channels...»

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Neurotransmitter and Ion Channels

Document abstract : «Classes of Neurotransmitters Much of the information transfer between neurons in the CNS occurs via chemical synapses. These synapses use a variety of messengers (neurotransmitters) that are released in a Ca2+-dependent fashion from presynaptic...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Conductance mechanisms underlying neurotransmitter actions . Structure of neurotransmitter receptors . Conclusion. References....»

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Sybaptic Plasticity

Document abstract : «In its simplest form, the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitter release can be mediated by a single protein complex. For example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are self-contained stimulus-response modules that both detect a stimulus,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Long term depression . Long term potentiation . The role of phosphorylation . Actions of psychotropic drugs . Conclusion. References....»

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Principles of Cellular Electrophysiology

Document abstract : «Resting Membrane Potential In nerve cells, potassium ions (K+) are at higher concentration inside the membrane than outside whereas the opposite is true for sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-) ions (Fig. 1.9-1). The bulk solutions on...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The neuronal membranes . Passive membrane properties. Conductance . Capacitance. Active membrane properties. Action potentials. The K+ equilibrium potential . Conclusion. References....»

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Receptors and Second Messengers

Document abstract : «Neuropeptide receptors have undergone the same process of discovery and characterization that receptors for other neurotransmitters have enjoyed. The process begins with the pharmacological characterization of the receptor's physicochemical binding...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A powerful tools of molecular biology . Receptor population for peptides . Neuropeptide and second messenger signal transduction systems. Peptidases. Description. The metabolism of TRH . Neuroendocrine secretion. The peptides involved...»

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Neuropeptides: Biology and Regulation

Document abstract : «The past several decades have witnessed a veritable explosion of knowledge about the central nervous system (CNS), and in no area has this been as impressive as in peptide neurobiology. Numerous peptide neurotransmitter candidates have been...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Definition of a neuropeptide . The known behavioral effects of neuropeptides . The differences between neuropeptides and the classic monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters. Distribution. Location of neuropeptides . Neuropeptides:...»

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Pinus strobus - Eastern White Pine

Document abstract : «Common: Eastern White Pine Scientific: Pinus strobus Derivation of name: Latin name for pine from Greek "pitus" / incense-bearing or a gum-yielding tree (pitchy) or [sic] Greek "strobus" (cone) [1] Also known as: white pine, northern white...»

Synopsis abstract : «Family Pinacea. More detail of Subgenus Strobus. Close relatives. How to identify White Pine. Place/Habitat. Conservation status. Associated animals. Mycorrhizae. Folk medicinal properties. Economic importance. Evolutionary history. Biggest white...»

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Mites

Document abstract : «Mites make up the largest group in the class Arachnida. Most are small arthropods, and many are barely visible. Mites have two body regions, a small cephalothorax and a larger, unsegmented abdomen. The cephalothorax and abdomen are broadly joined,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Species, life cycle, and distribution. Scabies. Life cycle. Clinical aspects. Treatment and prevention. Zoonotic scabies. Trombiculid mites. Miscellaneous mites. Parasitiformes. Acarinifor...»

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Lice

Document abstract : «Lice are small wingless insects that are ectoparasites of mammals. They are mostly host specific, and two species are human parasites: Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) and Pediculus humanus, with two varieties, P. h. capitis (head louse) and P. h....»

Synopsis abstract : «Species, life cycle, and distribution. Clinical aspects. Treatment and prevention. Conclusion. References....»

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Venomous Species and Venoms

Document abstract : «Insects of the order Lepidoptera typically cause human envenomation, but effects generally are less serious than with hymenopterans. Injury usually follows contact with caterpillars, occurring less frequently with the cocoon or adult stage. The...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Venoms in Lepidoptera . The most important venomous caterpillar in the US. Stinging patterns. Clinical aspects. Treatment and prevention. Conclusion. References....»

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Diptera: Two-winged flies

Document abstract : «Insects of the order Diptera are characterized by one pair of wings. The second pair is usually modified to form a pair of drumsticklike structures known as halteres. A typical life cycle consists of eggs, limbless larvae, pupae, and winged adults,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Biting midges (Culicoides). Blackflies (Simuliidae). Horseflies and deerflies (Tabanidae). Other biting diptera. Myiasis. Furuncular myiasis. Migratory myiasis. Wound myiasis. Conclusion. References....»

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Scorpion Envenomation

Document abstract : «Scorpion envenomation can result in distinct clinical syndromes. Most scorpion species' stings cause only local pain and inflammation that respond well to minimal supportive therapy and wound care. These scorpions pose no significant management...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Taxonomy and anatomy. Venom. Prevention. References....»

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North American Venomous Reptile Bites

Document abstract : «North America is unique in that it is home not only to venomous snakes, but also to the world's only known venomous lizards. Fortunately, bites by venomous reptiles in North America are relatively uncommon, although precise statistics are not...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Snake venoms . Allergy to reptile venoms. Bites by exotic snakes in the United States. References....»

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North American Arthropod Envenomation and Parasitism

Document abstract : «The phylum Arthropoda contains about four fifths of the known animals of the world, and insects are the largest group of arthropods. Insects are an important part of the biota of all terrestrial and freshwater environments that support life; only in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Beetles and other insects. Delusions of parasitosis. Conclusion. References....»

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Mushroom Toxicity

Document abstract : «Mushrooms are often considered the vermin of the vegetable world, likened to snakes, slugs, and worms. Some are regarded as mystical and others as delicacies. The location of tasty morels is passed from generation to generation, closely guarded from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The body of a fungus . Nontoxic mushrooms. Conclusion. References....»

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Toxic Plant Ingestions

Document abstract : «Plants have served as both poisons and medicines. Dioscorides listed several hundred plant species in his first Materia Medica in 78 BC. Galen, in second-century Rome, catalogued plants, including those containing opiates, ergotamines, and other...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Method. The use of different instruments. The use of a manual sphygmomanometer. Oxygen consumption. Results. Discussion. References....»

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