«The nigrostriatal system through the basal ganglia is essential for regulating motor movement. Normal motor behavior requires a delicate balance between the excitatory direct pathway and the inhibitory indirect pathway modulated by the D1 and D2...» Summary abstract
«Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast. It uses the NADH produced by glycolysis and "regenerates" more NAD+ which is then again used by glycolysis. The process of Alcohol fermentation is the one we...» Summary abstract
«Cells need energy to do work to carry out metabolic processes that keep them alive and functioning. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. All plant and animal cells use a process known as cellular...» Summary abstract
«The heart is an integral part of the cardiovascular system in the body of vertebrates. It provides the pressure needed for the blood to be pumped to different parts of the body. The heart maintains the flow of blood throughout the whole...» Summary abstract
«By far the most important venomous insects are members of the order Hymenoptera, including bees, wasps, and ants. They vary in size from minute to large (up to 60 mm in body length). The abdomen and thorax are connected by a slender pedicle that may...» Summary abstract
«The heart is probably one of the most important muscles in an organism's body. It is what drives the flow of nutrients, oxygen, and other vital cells across an organism's body. In different organisms the heart can have slightly different anatomical...» Summary abstract
«A key step in proteomics the study of proteins function and structure is the purification of proteins. The ability to isolate and purify specific proteins is an essential feature of Modern biochemistry as it allows scientist to study proteins in...» Summary abstract
«Mendelian genetics is built on the work done by the "father of genetics", Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884). His contributions to the study of inheritance paved the way for our basic understanding of how traits are inherited from one generation to...» Summary abstract
«The practices and behaviors employed by the black-capped chickadee displayed selective strategies towards the active foraging of food in the months prior to winter. The chickadees would collect food at a high rate, hide them, and subsequently return...» Summary abstract
«The word epilepsy is derived from the Greek verb epilambanein, meaning to be seized, to be overwhelmed by surprise (The History and Stigma of Epilepsy, 2003; Temkin, 1971). Epilepsy is a relatively common brain disorder − affecting between...» Summary abstract
«Mice and chick embryos serve as ideal test subjects in the analysis of developmental characteristics. Through in-vivo manipulation, signaling frameworks have been constructed to explain and describe the development of limbs (Tickle, 2004). The basis...» Summary abstract
«Organisms are classified into two types based on the number of cells they are composed of- unicellular and multicellular. Multicellular organisms have many cells. But unlike in unicellular, where one cell performs all the functions, cells of...» Summary abstract
«Spectrophotometry relies on the varying capabilities of molecules to absorb photons of light. This absorbance is characteristic of specific compounds, and can therefore be utilized to quantify and classify the presence/quantities of various...» Summary abstract
«E.coli strain WM04 was determined as a viable option for Bacteria Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Determination of suitability for animal testing depends on sufficient quantities of bacteria being produced through fermentation. Optimal operating...» Summary abstract
«When you look at a your house, you can see that it has got walls, doors ,windows and ventilators. All these things are the building blocks of your house. Similarly , bodies of all living organisms are made up of small unit which is called as a...» Summary abstract
«Solenopsis invicta, the Red Imported Fire Ant, was brought over on ship cargo by accident from Central Brazil between 1933 and 1945 (Sullivan, 2003). Since then, it has become one of the most hated nonnative pests in the Southern region of North...» Summary abstract
«According to Aboriginal myths and legends, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) would have evolved in Australia from the "Dreaming" - the creation period - and have always been a highly estimated and valued companion. As a consequence of these oral...» Summary abstract
«What is a biological product? A product is considered biological when the producer did not use any pesticide, chemical weedkiller or fertilizer of synthesis. The biological farmers rather use natural manures, original seeds and cultivate the ground...» Summary abstract
«This summer I had the great opportunity to do my three months training in McGill University in Quebec, Canada. It is one of the oldest Canadian universities, considered one of the most prestigious universities in Canada and one of the best in North...» Summary abstract
«A wide array of both commodity and specialty chemicals can be derived from wood, either as a primary product or by-product of another process. The technologies in which chemicals are the primary products include thermal degradation, hydrolysis/...» Summary abstract
«In a typical food process, a hot mixture is made, which is then cooled rapidly. A main result of cooling is a change in physical state and/or molecular structure. Often, a succession of physical changes occurs as the product cools. Events occurring...» Summary abstract
«Biological psychology manipulates and observes psychological variables just as do all other fields of psychology. However, to delineate the somatic contribution to behavior and mental functions, biological psychology needs to draw evidence from...» Summary abstract
«Sociology of the family as a field of research, education and action faces many challenges and critics, both within academic institutions and in the larger society. This paper focuses on recent developments in international family sociology in the...» Summary abstract
«Insects of the order Hemiptera have mouthparts specialized for piercing and sucking, and within the suborder Homoptera of this order two groups, the Auchenorhyncha and Sternorhyncha, specifically feed on plants. As their general name implies...» Summary abstract
«Beer is one of the oldest cultural achievements of mankind and one of the most popular beverages all over the world. From the technological point of view, beer has four main properties based on its contents and manufacturing processes. It is (i)...» Summary abstract
«Any discussion of research in a scientific field is subject to caveats because research must of necessity be less definitive than a discussion of the field's established operational practices. First, enumerations of current...» Summary abstract
«The term 'genetic system' was coined in 1932 by C.D. Darlington, one of the renowned pioneers of cytogenetics. His original definition was limited: Properties of heredity and variation, methods of reproduction and the control of breeding, we...» Summary abstract
«In order to genetically engineer a plant, one must be able to insert a gene into the genome of an individual plant cell and then cause that cell to differentiate into a whole plant. The former process is referred to as transformation; the latter,...» Summary abstract
«There are two major arms of the immune system: innate immune response, and acquired, or adaptive, immune response. Phagocytic cells recognize pathogens that bind to specific receptor recognition molecules or through complement fixation, and then...» Summary abstract
«Insect consumers of tree foliage comprise one of the most abundant and diverse feeding guilds in forest ecosystems. Known as folivores, this guild is integral to the structure and functioning of forests. Folivores influence vital ecosystem...» Summary abstract
«Human skin consists of a sophisticated network of nerve fibers and specialized sensory structures to transduce sensations of touch, vibration, temperature, and pain. Nerve fibers have dual functions: to transmit afferent sensory impulses to the...» Summary abstract
«In addition to housing the majority of the planet's biodiversity, forest ecosystems are the basis for trillions of dollars in global revenue. They are homes to indigenous groups, sources of food, medicines, and raw materials for industry, and they...» Summary abstract
«Immunology has roughly been split into two major subdivisions: cellular immunity, which comprises all different immunocompetent cells, and humoral immunity, a collection of all molecules involved in immune processes, such as cytokines,...» Summary abstract
«Bark beetles are small, dark, cylindrical beetles, usually less than 7mm long. As their name implies, they are usually associated with woody plants. Despite their small size and modest appearance, they have an intriguing assemblage of feeding and...» Summary abstract
«Plant reproductive processes encompass biotic interactions, such as pollination and seed predation and dispersal, and abiotic elements, notably disturbance that creates differential reproductive opportunities for plant groups and thereby maintains...» Summary abstract
«The word canopy is derived from the Latin conopeum, describing a mosquito net over a bed. For canopy researchers in many tropical and temperate forests, this derivation is all too fitting. Forest canopies are home to perhaps 50% of all living...» Summary abstract
«Cytokines are soluble low-molecular weight glycoproteins or small polypeptides that act in an autocrine or paracrine manner between leukocytes and other cells. Cytokines have many biologic functions and are important for leukocyte growth and...» Summary abstract
«Flower color, along with fragrance, floral shape and nectar reward, is important to the interaction between plants and pollinators; and preferences towards specific colors are exhibited by pollinators, whether they are birds, bees, butterflies or...» Summary abstract
«Interest in biodiversity began in the mid-1980s with the Biodiversity Symposium, held in Washington, DC, sponsored by the National Academy of Science. Within increasing human populations and rising demands for resources and living space, the need to...» Summary abstract
«Agroforestry is a term for practices where trees are combined with farming, as well as for the interdisciplinary subject area embracing land use systems, at a range of scales from that of the field to the planet, that involve interactions...» Summary abstract
«For many angiosperms, pigment formation is a key part of flower development. At least 200 plant genera contain species that show color change during flower development. Thus, variation in flower color associated with a change in nectar and pollen...» Summary abstract
«Flower senescence in this context will happen when it becomes more advantageous for the plant to construct a new flower - including renewed odds of getting pollinated - than to maintain an existing one. Flower senescence can therefore be defined as...» Summary abstract
«Flowers, no matter their size, shape, color or structure, have one important function for plants: sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction consists of several distinct developmental processes including pollen production, ovule formation, and...» Summary abstract
«The term vernalization is derived from the Latin word vernus meaning 'of the spring'. Vernalization was defined as 'the acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment'. The promotion of flowering by vernalization is the...» Summary abstract
«The major loci controlling vernalization requirement in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum are VRN1 and VRN2 (in cereals the VERNALIZATION, VRN, designation applies to genes conferring a vernalization requirement and differs from Arabidopsis...» Summary abstract
«A key advance in the field of flower development has been the uncovering of a direct role for the FM-identity gene LEAFY (LFY) in activation of the floral organ-identity genes. LFY encodes a novel plant-specific DNA-binding protein that can bind in...» Summary abstract
«In the early 1990s, genetic studies on Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus led to the isolation and characterization of floral organ-identity genes (also called floral homeotic genes) and the establishment of the seminal ABC model for flower...» Summary abstract
«The understanding of floral development at a molecular level has proceeded at an unprecedented rate. Molecular genetic studies on two model plants, Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis in particular, have provided the foundation for this progress through the...» Summary abstract
«In this text, we shall see how selection data have been used to assist the design of experiments on the modification of plants using recombinant DNA (genetic engineering). It is evident that in some situations the potential of in vitro selection is...» Summary abstract
«Apomixis is the subject of a number of recent reviews. Some authors have focused on the potential agronomic and economic benefits of apomixes. Others have discussed the developmental and genetic basis of apomixes or reviewed current theory regarding...» Summary abstract
«Ovules are the precursors of seeds. More specifically, they are sporophyticstructures and the site of megagametogenesis or female gamete shape that culminates in the formation of the haploid embryo sac. The prototypical angiosperm ovule consists of...» Summary abstract
«Since the identity of floral organs is specified by conserved floral organ-identity genes, clarifying the phylogeny of these genes and their protein products may provide us with valuable insights into the evolution of flowers. Analysis of numerous...» Summary abstract
«Photoperiodism can be defined as the response to changes in day length that enables plants (or any other living organism) to adapt to seasonal changes in their environment. Except at the equator, the passage of the year is marked by a continuous but...» Summary abstract
«The techniques of plant cell culture facilitate the rapid production of variant cell lines via selection procedures similar to those employed in microbial systems. These variant cell lines are useful in research into the genetics and biochemistry of...» Summary abstract
«The continued production of protein-based medicines and chemically-engineered enzymatic products necessitates further information about protein structure and function. An enzyme in a cell can have many functions or loci. To account for slight...» Summary abstract
«Cells express different gene products in order to achieve specialization and differentiation. Sperm are highly specialized to do nothing more than fertilize an oocyte, and they are thus an excellent candidate for research into cellular...» Summary abstract
«GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acidA) receptors are recognized as the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. The GABAA receptors are pentameric membrane proteins consisting of five subunits. The subunits...» Summary abstract
«The Giant Panda, scientifically known as the Ailurodopa melanoleuca, is considered an endangered species found in a few mountain ranges in central China, Sichuan, Shannxi, and the Gansu Provinces, according to the Smithsonian National Zoological...» Summary abstract
«Radiographic examination is the key to the diagnosis of many skeletal abnormalities. It is essential that each bone be examined in its entirety, including the cortex, medullary canal (cancellous bone or spongiosa), and articular ends. The position...» Summary abstract
«The goal of this paper is to evaluate the significance of the co-morbidity of nicotine abuse in adolescents afflicted with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Due to the nature of the disorder and its possible underlying pathophysiology...» Summary abstract
«Pressure sores are painful and debilitating tissue wounds which commonly affect wheelchair users. Current treatment of pressure sores requires bed-rest for up to sixteen weeks, which is unacceptable for patients with active life-styles. The purpose...» Summary abstract
«The human body is composed of 50-80% water. Blood and muscles contain significant amounts, and approximately 95% of the brain is water. All body systems and organs need water to function properly, and will shut down without it. Most of the chemical...» Summary abstract
«Society is no stranger to technology - it has been adapting it and advancing it for decades. Technology has completely revolutionized the way we interact each other as well as ourselves. Due to this complete integration, there has been an addiction...» Summary abstract
«From the beginning of the ideas presented by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species, and their gaining support from the scientific community, the theory of evolution was been met with opposition. A great deal of this opposition came from religious...» Summary abstract
«This report examined the effects of road salt in relation to growth and germination in the
Brassica rapa, a common turnup flower. The initial questions considered if the salt would actually
affect the growth. There were four groups of plants which...» Summary abstract
«Finding the effects of salt on germination and growth of plants took twenty-two days of
research. Each collection day the height, height of the leaf, color, height of the node, number of buds,
and the number of the flowers were taken into account....» Summary abstract
«In this study the Brassica Rapa will be tested to see if salt water effects it's growth. Data will be
taken from four different types of groups: distilled water; 0.25% of sodium chloride; 1.00% of sodium
chloride; and 4.00% of sodium chloride....» Summary abstract
«When Albert Hofmann created LSD 25 during experimentation in his laboratory, he had no idea what was to become of it, or what kind of an impact it would have. "Dr. Humphry Osmond invented the term 'psychodelic', which was later amended to...» Summary abstract
«Genetic mutations are not uncommon. They can happen for a variety of reasons and have a variety of effects. Those with negative effects are weeded out by natural selection, and those with positive effects prevail and are accumulated due to natural...» Summary abstract
«The two venomous lizards of the world are impressive creatures about which much misinformation has been spread for centuries. They have been thought to possess supernatural features such as poisonous breath, a stinging tail and the ability to spit...» Summary abstract
«The term pit viper comes from the presence of paired, highly sensitive, thermoreceptor organs (pits) present on the forward portion of these snakes' heads. These structures, also known as foveal organs, serve the snake in locating prey, aiming...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this investigation was to collect information that allowed the formulation of a hypothesis as to the land-use history of the Hedgehog Mountain preserve, and to correlate empirical observations with a limited literature review in an...» Summary abstract
«Prior to delineating the organization of specific intraneuronal signaling pathways, it is important to consider, in general terms, their role in helping neurons interpret and respond to the barrage of afferent stimulation impinging on them...» Summary abstract
«Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Voltage-gated ion channels allow the flow of ions in response to changes in membrane voltage and are key elements in neuronal excitation and inhibition. Although ion channels can usually pass more...» Summary abstract
«Classes of Neurotransmitters Much of the information transfer between neurons in the CNS occurs via chemical synapses. These synapses use a variety of messengers (neurotransmitters) that are released in a Ca2+-dependent fashion from presynaptic...» Summary abstract
«In its simplest form, the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitter release can be mediated by a single protein complex. For example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are self-contained stimulus-response modules that both detect a stimulus,...» Summary abstract
«Resting Membrane Potential In nerve cells, potassium ions (K+) are at higher concentration inside the membrane than outside whereas the opposite is true for sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-) ions (Fig. 1.9-1). The bulk solutions on...» Summary abstract
«Neuropeptide receptors have undergone the same process of discovery and characterization that receptors for other neurotransmitters have enjoyed. The process begins with the pharmacological characterization of the receptor's physicochemical binding...» Summary abstract
«The past several decades have witnessed a veritable explosion of knowledge about the central nervous system (CNS), and in no area has this been as impressive as in peptide neurobiology. Numerous peptide neurotransmitter candidates have been...» Summary abstract
«Common: Eastern White Pine
Scientific: Pinus strobus
Derivation of name: Latin name for pine from Greek "pitus" / incense-bearing or a gum-yielding tree (pitchy) or [sic] Greek "strobus" (cone) [1]
Also known as: white pine, northern white...» Summary abstract
«Mites make up the largest group in the class Arachnida. Most are small arthropods, and many are barely visible. Mites have two body regions, a small cephalothorax and a larger, unsegmented abdomen. The cephalothorax and abdomen are broadly joined,...» Summary abstract
«Lice are small wingless insects that are ectoparasites of mammals. They are mostly host specific, and two species are human parasites: Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) and Pediculus humanus, with two varieties, P. h. capitis (head louse) and P. h....» Summary abstract
«Insects of the order Lepidoptera typically cause human envenomation, but effects generally are less serious than with hymenopterans. Injury usually follows contact with caterpillars, occurring less frequently with the cocoon or adult stage. The...» Summary abstract
«Insects of the order Diptera are characterized by one pair of wings. The second pair is usually modified to form a pair of drumsticklike structures known as halteres. A typical life cycle consists of eggs, limbless larvae, pupae, and winged adults,...» Summary abstract
«Scorpion envenomation can result in distinct clinical syndromes. Most scorpion species' stings cause only local pain and inflammation that respond well to minimal supportive therapy and wound care. These scorpions pose no significant management...» Summary abstract
«North America is unique in that it is home not only to venomous snakes, but also to the world's only known venomous lizards. Fortunately, bites by venomous reptiles in North America are relatively uncommon, although precise statistics are not...» Summary abstract
«The phylum Arthropoda contains about four fifths of the known animals of the world, and insects are the largest group of arthropods. Insects are an important part of the biota of all terrestrial and freshwater environments that support life; only in...» Summary abstract
«Mushrooms are often considered the vermin of the vegetable world, likened to snakes, slugs, and worms. Some are regarded as mystical and others as delicacies. The location of tasty morels is passed from generation to generation, closely guarded from...» Summary abstract
«Plants have served as both poisons and medicines. Dioscorides listed several hundred plant species in his first Materia Medica in 78 BC. Galen, in second-century Rome, catalogued plants, including those containing opiates, ergotamines, and other...» Summary abstract
«Penicillin, derived from the soil mold Penicillium, was the primary antibiotic used to cure bacterial infections after being discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Briefly following its discovery and mass production bacteria began expressing...» Summary abstract
«Bears are one of the most widely distributed animals in the world. At least one of the eight bear species currently exists in Asia, Europe, North and South America, and the Arctic. Bears in Africa became extinct several million years ago. Australia...» Summary abstract
«Many people are already indirectly familiar with the processes of fermentation, from the baker to the body builder. The baker, when baking his bread, adds yeasts that produces CO2, which makes the bread rise. Alcohol is also produced during this...» Summary abstract
«Our bodies and many other animals' cells extracellular and intracellular fluids are mainly comprised of water with ionized salts in solution. These salts, mainly Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ( Foundations Of Biology: Cell and Organ Physiology,...» Summary abstract
«Acid rain has always been said to damage the plant life which absorbs the acid water as it would regular water. In this experiment we have decided to see whether this is true and if acid content of water has any effect on plant growth. We have setup...» Summary abstract
«To highlight what constitutes the foundation of Man, anthropologists, ethnographers, and theologians like Jonathan Smith, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Clifford Geertz constantly study "savage" societies, societies very different from our own. Scholars...» Summary abstract
«Thousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody's mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope. Man has now arrived at the next step, shall we say "the wheel" of...» Summary abstract
«DNA technology is vital to our technological progress as a society. Without such things as gene therapy which is part of DNA technology many medical feats would not have been accomplished. DNA manipulation is used in many aspects of life, ranging...» Summary abstract
«The ecosystem of a freshwater lake, stream, and river is greatly influenced by the environment it is in. Temperature, light, nutrients, rainfall amounts, species composition and organic or inorganic pollutant levels all differ from lake to lake,...» Summary abstract
«In the "Population Ecology Experiment", fruit flies were used to investigate the factors that enhanced and limited population growth in these species alone as well as in the presence of other species. In this experiment, the effects of high and low...» Summary abstract
«The GABA(A) receptor plays a vital role in the mammalian brain and is responsible for a large majority of inhibitory neurotransmissions in the central nervous system (Perrine 144). The GABA(A) receptor is a member of the ionotropic (ligand gated)...» Summary abstract
