Diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of forest health and protection
Summary :
Table of Contents
- Introduction.
- Forest health.
- Importance of de?nitions and concepts.
- Factors affecting forest health.
- Forest declines.
- Methods used in forest health diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation.
- Diagnosis.
- Monitoring.
- Status and trend.
- Cause-and-effect.
- Terrestrial investigations.
- Evaluation.
- Conclusion.
Abstract
Over the last 30 years forest health became a popular issue together with the concern about acid rain, air pollution, and climate change. Terms like forest decline, and the German 'Waldsterben' (forest death) and 'Neuartigen Waldscha ¨den' (new type of forest damage) became frequent in scientific literature as well as in popular media. This concern resulted in an unprecedent effort to study and monitor forest health. Since then the situation has evolved and now forest health diagnosis and monitoring is relevant to a much broader area of interest, including recent (e.g., climate fluctuation and change, biodiversity, sustainable resource management) and 'traditional' issues (e.g., pests, diseases, forest fire). Broadly, forest health diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation aims to identify forest health problems, track forest health status through time and identify its relationship with environmental (biotic and abiotic) factors. It embraces a variety of activities and involves several topics and scientific disciplines. forest health diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation is addressed here in terms of (1) definitions, factors affecting forest health and most known forest health declines in the world, (2) methods of diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation, and (3) relevance and applications.
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