Genes and Chromosomes
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medical studies
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published 26/11/2007
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Summary
As a first approximation, genes can be defined as stretches of DNA that encode a single protein or a single functional RNA, such as an rRNA or tRNA. There are exceptions to this rule because there are mechanisms, such as alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript into different mRNAs, that may intervene between a given gene and a finished protein. As a result, in some cases a single gene may actually encode multiple proteins.
Table of Contents
- The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are so long that they would not fit in the nucleus in their extended form.
- Proteins are not synthesized directly from the DNA that encodes them, but in two sequential processes
- Many genes contain multiple introns and exons that may not be spliced identically in every cell type or in a given cell type at every stage of development.
- Regulatory sequences within DNA control the expression of genes by virtue of their ability to bind specific regulatory proteins.
- Those cis-regulatory elements that specify the site within a gene at which transcription starts, and upon which the complex of proteins that forms the basal transcription apparatus is assembled, are called the basal or core promoter.
- Transcription factors that are tethered to DNA by binding cis-elements often have a modular structure comprised of physically separate domains
- Environmental stimuli are transduced by neurons into neurotransmitter signals.
- CRE binding protein (CREB) is the major protein that binds cAMP response element in most cell types that have been investigated.
- The convergence of multiple signaling pathways (the cAMP and Ca2+ pathways) on a single transcription factor has important implications.
- CREB has also shown to be phosphorylated in the striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, in response to the administration of cocaine and amphetamine, and to be activated in the locus nucleus coeruleus during opiate withdrawal.
- The AP-1 proteins generally bind DNA as heterodimers comprised of one member each of two different families of related proteins, the Fos family and the Jun family.
- IEG mapping is now one of the fundamental tools of functional neuroanatomy.
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