Summaries, Research papers and Term papers in History and Geography

Iconic aircraft's of World War II

Document abstract : «We live in an age where flying at the speed of sound in jet-powered aircraft's is a very ordinary thing. It's a rush, an experience but still very common. But we must not forget how we got here or the machines and people that laid the foundations...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Aircrafts that set the standards. Messerschmitt Me 262. Messerschmitt Me 163. Heinkel He 219 . Messerschmitt Bf 109. Junker Ju 87 . Zero and the Ki-109. Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen . Mitsubishi Ki-109 . P 51 Mustang, Hurricane, Spitfire,...»

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Espionage in occupied France during WWII

Document abstract : «The practise of espionage is not a new one; in fact it has been dubbed my many at the world's second oldest profession. Espionage had particular significance for the Allied forces during World War II. Those involved were a special breed of wartime...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Understand how intelligence services became formal within the Allied governments. . The United States' lack of sabotage, propaganda or economic warfare organizations.. The OSS and their time in Africa and the Mediterranean.. The OSS...»

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Asian immigration policies in Canada: 1880-1923

Document abstract : «Today Canada prides itself on being one of the most multicultural countries in the world. This country has people from all over the world. All of these different people have different stories. The story of Asian-Canadians is an interesting one,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Asian's that migrated to Canada.. Royal Commission inquiring into the problem of Chinese immigration. . A steady stream of anti-Chinese legislation.. The awareness that the 'threat' of Asian migration was not over. . The Laurier...»

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How the Korean War started

Document abstract : «The war in Korea was the first war waged against an aggressor state by the United Nations in the twentieth century. It was unlike any other major conflict in that there was no formal declaration of war to mark its beginnings and no peace treaty to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cairo Conference of 1943.. Chistiakov and a communist state north of the 38 degree Parallel. . Truman's of the Russian propaganda undermining the military government of South Korea.. Election befrore the US troops pulled...»

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History of technology

Document abstract : «When people think about technology from a contemporary perspective, they often think about all the gadgets and devices that are common-place in our lives. For example, only ten years ago we were watching movies on VCR's and were talking on cell...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A picture of technology and history.. Theorists and propounding theories on technology.. The book Future Shock by Alvin Toffler.. The book The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900 by David Edgerton.. Comparing...»

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Affluent youth rebellion in the 1960s

Document abstract : «The decade of the 1960s was a tumultuous time for universities and the students that occupied them. It was a time of changing values, gone were the days of the Old Communist Left of the decades prior, and arrived was the movement of the New Left. ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The students of these times.. Seeing the 'American values' they held so dear: Rhetoric being espoused by people.. New breed of the New Left.. The student rebellion of the 1960's.. The baby-boom generation.. The New Left movement:...»

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Western Canada 1760 - 1860

Document abstract : «The lure of the western frontier has played a major part in nation-building in North America. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Pacific Coast from Mexico to Alaska was explored, surveyed and mapped by Spanish, English,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Natives before the discovery of the West by the Europeans.. The economy of the native inhabitants.. The nature of the Indian economy.. The fur trade of the northern peripheries.. Competition: Always a mixed blessing.. One key...»

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US intervention in Guatemala and Bolivia in the 1950's

Document abstract : «Ever since the early days of European colonization, Latin America has always been a hotbed of unequal distribution of wealth. Latin American economies suffer from disproportionately high rates of inequality, with the richest ten percent of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The dictatorship of Jorge Ubico Castaneda.. The Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario uprising.. The foreign policy initiatives of the American government.. Arbenz's run for the presidency: Support of a coalition of liberals and...»

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The Red Maestro: Leopold Trepper and the Communist European Spy Network of World War II

Document abstract : «There was obviously a good amount of rhyme and reason to the Nazi Abwehr's technical jargon. Each codename had its own justification, and worked fairly well on a metaphorical level. From calling forgers "cobblers" (due to the amount of overlap...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Leopold Trepper.. Why choose Trepper?. Trepper's move to France. . First experiences with both of his enemies during his years as the maestro of the Red Orchestra. . The surprise for Trepper.. Understanding the idea of living...»

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The trial of Socrates

Document abstract : «The setting of The Apology takes place in Athens, Greece in the year 399 BC. After a 27 year war with Sparta, Athens' democratic government was replaced by an oligarchy. An oligarchy is a form of government in which a small group of tyrannical men...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The word apology.. Harsh accusations and Socrates.. Socrates' questioning of the politicians, poets and artisans.. His quest for wisdom.. The two charges of Meletus.. Adhering to a higher order of values.. His divine service as the...»

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Impact of World War I on the American home front

Document abstract : «The First World War (WWI), the Great War that ended all wars initiated by the Allied and Associated Powers based on the opposition to the Central Powers of Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire was the most destructive and by the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Thesis statement.. Politics.. The Progressive Era marked from 1895 to WWI.. The precipice of war.. Wilson's decision to participate in the War and Kennedy.. Wilson's decision: Not born out of national interest.. Economic.. A great...»

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A critical study: Spanish artifact influences in the Andes in the mid-20th century

Document abstract : «The Spanish encountered a culture very foreign to their own in the jagged peaks of the Andes. At the time of the conquest the Andean Mountains were spattered with different languages. There was no alphabetic writing. What the pan-Andeans did have...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Introduction to the problem of translation.. Andean objects within an Andean system of reference.. Attempts to explain Andean objects in a european system of reference.. Historical memory.. Role of Andean objects in a post conquest...»

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Mesopotamian studies: Divination

Document abstract : «"In the eyes of the Mesopotamians, everything in the world was divinatory." The entire natural world shared a divine presence, according to the Mesopotamian beliefs within their religion. The Mesopotamian deities ruled supreme over the natural...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The ever-present divinity.. Different ways for the Mesopotamians to ascertain or predict the future.. Texts uncovered when the library of Assurbanipal was excavated.. Dream divination.. Conclusi...»

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The war of the Spanish succession: Causes and consequences

Document abstract : «The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was a major conflict leading to the end of French supremacy on the European continent. For the first time, the armies of the Sun King, Louis XIV, lost their reputation of invincibility. The purpose of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The causes of the war.. The strategic issues.. The death without issue of Charles II.. The French military failures.. Failure to control the situation till the end.. Inability to take all the advantages of favourable strategic...»

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President Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima: Was there a realistic alternative to this course of action?

Document abstract : «On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States dropped, on the city of Hiroshima, the first of the only two nuclear bombs ever employed against human population, killing more than 115.000 people - probably as many as 250.000 according to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The unconditional surrender of the Japanese.. Disintegration of power by the Japanese.. The collapse of Germany.. The fire bombing of Tokyo.. The psychological effects on the Japanese.. The writing by Eisenhower.. The use of A-bomb in...»

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European diplomacy: from the Bismarckian System and the Realpolitik to the pre-WW1 Alliances and the Weltpolitik

Document abstract : «From 1872 to 1907, a series of alliances are formed among European major powers. The international system formed by German chancellor Bismarck in order to ensure Germany's hegemony within Europe and prevent a possible French revenge disappears in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1871-1890: The Bismarckian System, a will to isolate France and rule Europe.. A system based on France's isolation.. A system based on a certain equilibrium among European main powers.. 1890-1907: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente,...»

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Assess the role played by the Aoman Army in the local government of provinces and communities in the roman empire

Document abstract : «The Roman Empire had a very complex structure. It consisted in fact of three interconnected essential elements, each representing an instrument of the power. There was first of all, the central administration, then the provincial administration and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A permanent army for the security of the Empire.. The maintenance of law and order.. An economic role.. Culture and the spirituality.. Political organization in provinces.. Links between the sovereign and the...»

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The Japanese expansionism during the first part of the Shōwa Era: 1926-1945

Document abstract : «In 1926, Hirohito, the grandson of the Meiji emperor, reached the throne and chose Showa ("enlightened Peace") as the official name of his reign. However, the General Tanaka Giichi became Prime Minister in 1927, confirming the dominating role of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The context which explains the expansionism.. The ideological background.. The Greater Asia Co-Prosperity sphere.. The economic development organisms.. The military structure.. The main conflicts led by Japan during that...»

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The colonial legacy of the Herero Genocide in Namibia

Document abstract : «What is the relationship between Namibia at the dawn of the XXth century, Mein Kampf and UNO? The Hereros establish the link; this community of Southwest Africa who, in spite of it, took part in the ideological elaboration of the genocides century....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The history of the genocide.. Historical background of the German colonization in Namibia.. The history of the genocide.. The reparation issue around the genocide.. The fight of the Herero community for a recognition of the...»

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The Bhopal crisis

Document abstract : «The Bhopal disaster happened in the early hours of the morning of December 3rd, 1984. It is one of the most terrible industrial disaster or maybe even the most terrible disaster that ever happened. It took place in Bhopal which is the capital city...»

Synopsis abstract : «The start of the crisis.. Analysis of the triggering event.. The technical errors and failures.. Amplification of the crisis.. The origins of the crisis.. Relations between the Indian authorities and UCIL.. The economical context.. Previous...»

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The Cold war and the Cuban missile crisis

Document abstract : «Understanding the Cold War, it is central to understand the history of the 2nd half of the 20th century. Between 1945 and 1991, there were lots of casualties in more than 100 wars that took place in the 3rd World in that period. Moreover, most of...»

Synopsis abstract : «The Cold War.. The characteristics of the Cold War.. Understanding the Cold War.. The weapons race as a dynamic race in the Cold War.. Decolonisation during the Cold War.. The Cuban missiles crisis.. Unleashing of the CIA operation.. Coming of John...»

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Truman and the post-war years

Document abstract : «During and due to the War economy, the American factories had been very active. They bustled with triple shifts. The US had eventually absorbed one of the most severe attacks launched on its values. However the role of the family and women within,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Stimulation of the Black Americans.. The rising of the wind.. The Atlantic Charter.. Cold War and the reasons for its development.. Bretton Woods Conference.. Creation of the world bank.. Post World War 2 issues.. The American-Soviet...»

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The failure of the Arusha Process in the Rwandese Crisis

Document abstract : «The 1994 Rwandese genocide happened in the following of a civil war which had begun more than three years earlier. In October 1990, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), which gathered the Rwandese who were refugees in south Uganda (mostly since the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The negotiation phase: A commended process, but an imbalanced final text.. The design of the negotiation process in itself was very good.. The participants.. The choice of an inclusive peace process.. A comprehensive strategy.. The...»

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Lebanon's fragility: The case of the Civil War 1975-1990

Document abstract : «The states of the Arab East have always experienced challenging political and social issues mainly inherited from their creation by Great Powers after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, the Western organizational model of the time, i.e....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The French decoupage of the Levant in 1920.. The National Pact of 1943.. The 1958 crisis.. The dramatic transformation.. The civil war in 1975.. The triggering of the civil war.. The domestic fragility.. Palestinian...»

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The Cecchini report - 20 years later

Document abstract : «With the Maastricht Treaty, in 1992, the European Community will now be a single market composed of twelve countries, with no more barriers between them. This change was of course studied and analyzed before coming into force. The European...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Expectations.. Verified benefits.. The gap.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The American Revolution 1776-1783

Document abstract : «The American Revolution is one of the biggest events that durably affected the American population: first this conflict was the only one that ever took place on their territory, and secondly it opposed American people themselves in a merciless civil...»

Synopsis abstract : «Origins of the American Revolution.. The decisive years of the war of independence: 1776 and 1777.. The beginning of the confrontation: 1775-1776.. 1777 : Saratoga, the turning point of the revolution and its consequences on the issues of the...»

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Hungarian history and culture

Document abstract : «The Carpathian basin is composed by the Carpathians, the Alps ands the Dinaric Alps. This geographical situation makes present-day Hungary as a singular country, a land with melting-pot cultures from different ages. Finally, the Magyars has sealed...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The early way of life in the Carpathian basin.. The mutual effects and the cultural influences.. Conclusion.....»

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During the Cold War, what role did oil play in driving western intervention to the Middle East?

Document abstract : «After the Second World War in 1945, a new world order came up: Western Europe had to recover from the damages the war caused, and the US and the Soviet Union were competing against each other for power in a Cold War period. During this era, lasting...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Cold War.. Oil becoming a major stake for USA.. Western intervention in the Middle East.. Conflicts in the Middle East and political instability.. The US intervention.. The western desire to dominate the Middle East.. Oil crisis...»

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Le Panier: its patrimony, its rehabilitation and the new city

Document abstract : «Marseille is an old city dating from Greek Antiquity when it was called Massilia and was a harbor on the Mediterranean Sea. Thanks to trade and its location between the Eastern and the Western world Marseille has become an important place....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. What are the main architectural characteristics of this part of the city?. How does the restoration of 'Le panier' constitute a challenge?. The use of false decorations realized with coat and panting.. The last element noticeable on...»

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The experience of the Indian and Pakistani immigrant communities in Great Britain from 1948 to 1971

Document abstract : «The history of Indian and Pakistani presence in Britain is long as it dates back to the seventeenth century. Yet the influence of the South Asian community was almost insignificant at that time, for its size remained very small. Only after the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Employment.. Introduction.. Labour recruitment: A working immigrant population.. The occupational distribution of Indians and Pakistanis in Great Britain.. The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act and its effect on labour immigration from...»

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The impact of the French Revolution (1789-1815) on life in France during the nineteenth century

Document abstract : «The whole nineteenth century can be seen as a century of experiment of political systems and institutions, a span of time where the French population looked for a political identity according to its specific heritage by trying a lot of regimes...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. In 1815, France seeks a stable regime, but the First Empire obviously can't provide it. . The country knew with a demographic growth the beginning of the industrial revolution was around.. The recollection of history brought a...»

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Thailand

Document abstract : «Every country in the world has its own distinct culture, its own way of life, whether it's the government, the economy, the religion(s), the history, or what you have; every nation has qualities that separate it from all the others. Since there are...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. History.. The first inhabitants of Thailand.. Formation of kingdoms.. The Malay city-states.. The end of Funan kingdom.. The death of Sukhothai's first ruler.. Ties with foreign coutries by the kingdoms.. Thailand and World War...»

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British Imperialism

Document abstract : «The American War of Independence (1775-1783) is referred to as the end of the first British Empire and as an evolution of the management of the colonies. Britain realized that trade might continue to bring prosperity even in the absence of colonial...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. India and despotism.. From company to crown.. Oriental despotism.. The 19th century changes.. Protectionism.. Colony and Industrialization.. The debate over empire.. New imperialism.. The Suez...»

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How did the first world war affect the status of women?

Document abstract : «The First World War is one of the first conflicts, which called for the participation, and mobilization of all people, fighters as much as non-fighters. So, at the announcement of the war, men and women are going to answer present. The society and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The begining of the war.. All men left for the front.. The image of the 'peasant woman'.. The course of year 1914.. Adjustment in the respective role of men and women.. The working conditions in factories.. Women in the medical...»

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Cause of the great famine and its place in the demographic and migration history

Document abstract : «In the 1800s, Ireland was essentially a rural country. Its economy depended only on agriculture, and its industrial system was very weak. Therefore, Ireland was very poor compared with its neighbour, England. It is considered most of all as an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Great famine of 1845.. Phytophthora infestans as the first cause of famine.. The situation of Ireland.. Ireland being dependant on potato.. The other factors leading to the disaster.. Vulnerability of the Irish economy.. The...»

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Was the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco relevant?

Document abstract : «Luis Carrero Blanco has been Franco's shadow and his life is one of the most mysterious in the Spanish history of the twentieth century. He always seemed to be a minor figure. He was from the middle-class, had little ambition but had an important...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The relevance of his assassination for democratic purposes.. Considering Teresa Vilaros's analyse of Carrero Blanco's death.. Going further than the simple claim for local legitimation and nationalist revendication.. A paradox: A...»

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America on its way to modernity (1800-1860)

Document abstract : «The beginning of the nineteenth Century was mostly rural: indeed the Americans living in the countryside were five times in number than those living in cities. Moreover the nation grew considerably in 1790; there were four million American and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The two different economies.. The northern industry.. The southern agriculture.. Working conditions.. Communication between the North and the South.. Transportation.. New media.. Art.. Changes in society.. Slavery.. Education.. The...»

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Mozambique: a cold war conflict?

Document abstract : «The colonization of Mozambique by Portugal began in the 15th century. The first settling was made in 1498, near the mouth of Zambezi River by Vasco de Gama himself. A few years later, the Portuguese founded a city in Lourenço Marques bay, nowadays...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Mozambican war: A conflict lead by the cold war.. The importance of the communist ideology in the opposition's ideal.. The efficient role of the superpowers.. The war is actually more a local war for African interests.. African...»

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Why did Eritrea become independent?

Document abstract : «In 1993, the whole world was impressed by the state-of-the-art independence of Eritrea. Everything seemed to have been done by the rules : a declaration of independence in 1991, a notification to the UN and a referendum two years later. Being the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction: One century and one year.. Eritrea: A mosaic of cultures, a diverse society.. The formation of Eritrea as an Italian colony.. The Italian rule .. The anti unionist movement, first impetus for Eritrean nationalism.. Ethiopian...»

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Why did communism become established in Eastern Europe after the Second World War?

Document abstract : «On the 25th of April 1945, shortly before the official end of the Second World War, American and Soviet soldiers meet at the Elbe river. But to reach the Elbe river, the Russian troops had to come all the way across Europe, and so across Eastern...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The reasons why communism was implemented in Eastern Europe.. Two 'exclusive zones of influence'. . The efficient presence of the Red Army in the occupied countries. . The Soviets chasing off the Nazis from Eastern Europe.. The role...»

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Preparing the Great War: The Schlieffen Plan

Document abstract : «Between 1905 and 1914, due to the instability of Europe dominated by alliances, every country in Europe was preparing for the war and developing war plans and strategies, which had to suit their conceptions of the war. Germany, which was allied with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Signing of Entente Cordiale and Germany becoming the leading country in Europe.. The theoretical Schlieffen plan.. The risks taken by Schlieffen.. Germany and Belgium.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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What historical factors played the greatest role in defining the Arab society and culture since the eighteenth century?

Document abstract : «From the seventh to the eighteenth century, the Arab World has formed a large area regrouping a Muslim population, sharing a common religion and culture. In different parts of the Islamic World, Islam was the bound between the Umma. Since the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Ottoman Empire: Decline and end.. The Ottoman Empire.. Its failure to adapt its economy and especially its industry to the European economy.. Different interpretations of Islam.. The Arab population under European colonialism.. The...»

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The classical realist and structural realist theories applied to the Kosovo crisis in 1998-1999

Document abstract : «Kosovo is mostly known as a region in the former Yugoslavia where, in 1998 and 1999, there was growing violence between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), which sought independence from Serbia, and the Serbian army and police, which were randomly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The realist theory: Understanding and analysing the sources of Yugoslavia war and of US intervention in Kosovo.. International and Domestic security dilemmas.. International Anarchy and predominance of the nation-states.. The conduct...»

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The history of the Jagiellonian university: The history of Krakow

Document abstract : «Since its foundation in 1364, the University of Krakow has known a destiny unique of its kind. It was the second university created in Central Europe after the one in Prague - created in 1348 - and before many others afterward like in Vienna (1365),...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The flourishing beginnings.. Kazimierz the Great.. The restoration of Krakow's University.. A real Golden Age.. The first difficulties.. The Rector and the Bishop's refusal of the ideas of the Reformation.. The authorities boasting...»

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The emancipation proclamation

Document abstract : «President Abraham Lincoln entered the war in order to preserve the union of the United States rather than to abolish slavery. Indeed, he repeatedly emphasized that his paramount objective in the war was to save the union, not to free the slaves....»

Synopsis abstract : «The emancipation proclamation.. The Civil War.. An act of justice.. A military necessity.. Bibliography.....»

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Genocide: The case of Rwanda

Document abstract : «The situation in Darfur illustrates the difficulties the international community faces when it comes to deal with acts of genocide. Genocide has been defined as a crime in international law, an international Convention has been signed and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Definition of genocide.. The Hutus and the Tutsis.. The role of UN.. Major failure of the international community.. The ICTY and ICTR.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Mao's reforms: A total failure?

Document abstract : «"In time of difficulties, we must not lose sight of our achievements." This quotation from the Communist leader Mao Tse-Tung (1893-1976) could perfectly apply to his economic policy. When Mao came to power in October 1949, China was out of a decade...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mao's policies.. Mao's role in the Chinese economy.. Mao towards industrialization.. The success of industrialization.. Stability in economy.. The government investments.. The slack in the agricultural sector.. Establishment of an...»

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Did Thatcherism bring an end to the 'post-war consensus?'

Document abstract : «Since 1979 the so-called 'Thatcher experiment' or the 'Thatcherism' was at the centre of many debates, partly because Mrs Thatcher's government has broken with many features of the postwar consensus and partly because her government's record is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The conventional point of view: The end of consensus.. What was the 'postwar consensus'?. The consensus and Thatcher's election as Prime Minister.. Thatcher's policies and the end of the consensus period.. Criticism to the...»

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The endurance of the "Islamic World" from the seventh century to the nineteenth century

Document abstract : «The expansion in Islam was a long process, occurring through centuries. The conquests were led in the name of the Prophet Muhammad. However, these victories were also the expression of the triumph of a people over the first Empires dominating the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The formation and the endurance of a major cultural region.. The expansion of the Islamic world.. A strong element of strength of the Islamic culture.. The main place of the intellectual activity.. The period from the eleventh to the...»

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Was the Great Famine of greater significance for the histories of subsequent generations than for those of the period 1845 - 50?

Document abstract : «Ireland in the beginning of the 1840's had a population of eight million inhabitants of whom more than four-fifths lived on the land and it was one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The prosperous phase which prevailed in Ireland at...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The role of the potato in Ireland.. The Great Famine.. Consequence of the famine: Eviction.. Emigration.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Pragmatism and idealism in the process of nation-building (1781-1788)

Document abstract : «"Idealism without pragmatism is impotent. Pragmatism without idealism is meaningless. The key to effective leadership is pragmatic idealism." (Richard Nixon). Were the very first years of the new nation, born of the American Revolution, marked by a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The idealistic heritage of the Revolution.. The spirits of optimism.. The Articles of Confederation.. The ratification of the Articles of Confederation.. The ideals born of the Revolution.. Shay's rebellion in 1786.. The lack of a...»

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South Africa: Colonial expansion and British consolidation

Document abstract : «History of South Africa's colonization is undoubtedly one of the most complex, partly due to the fact that several colonizing nations and several native tribes were in interaction. What kind of evolutions knew South Africa from the second part of...»

Synopsis abstract : «1652 to 1805: The Dutch supremacy.. The arrival of the Dutch.. The growth of the colony.. 1805 to 1880: Arrival and consolidation of the British.. British arrival and their attempt to stabilize the situation.. The emergence of hard relations between...»

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Elizabeth the First

Document abstract : «Born on September 7, 1533 in Greenwich, England. Died on March 24, 1603 in Richmond, Surrey. Elizabeth I, also called the Virgin queen because she never married, was the queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603 or a total of forty five...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Her childhood and accession as queen.. Her reign.. The beginning of her reign.. Elizabethan government.. Elizabethan economy.. Foreign policy.. The queen's image.. End of an Era.. Fun facts.. Bibliography.....»

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When the Japanese moved into Southeast Asia in 1941, local reactions to the occupying forces differed greatly. Evaluate the motivations that fueled these varying responses, taking into consideration particular local situations and periods of the war

Document abstract : «Raising the question of the reactions to the Japanese takeover in Southeast Asia is very delicate and original for many reasons. Firstly, Southeast Asia is a broad region and it is most likely that the reactions of locals will differ greatly from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The pre invasion context: A determinant to understand the reactions of locals to the Japanese invasion.. An unwelcomed colonization.. The Philippines and Thailand: Exceptions in different ways.. The loss of their initial support and...»

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What to call the genocides of the Second World War and why?

Document abstract : «"Historians are not always trustful guides when we have to reconstitute past". Those words, of Lucy DAWIDOWICZ -an American historian who wrote quite a lot of books about the historiography of genocides- directly aimed at criticizing historians of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The controversy about the proper name to give to the genocides perpetrated by the Nazis.. The sensitivity of the name's issue . Genocide/Genocides.. The official definition of the term 'genocide'.. The beginning of the 'Genocide...»

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The revolt of the Netherlands: Spain's failure to regain control of the Netherlands

Document abstract : «The rebellion of the Netherlands against ruling Spain was, in the end, a success leading to complete independence in 1648, with the Treaties of Den Haag and of Westphalia. All the Northern provinces of the "Spanish Netherlands" became fully...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Spain's intrinsic weaknesses.. King of Spain himself undermined Spain's possibilities of victory in war.. The other problems that weakened Spain.. External causes of the Spanish failure.. Colonial competition from England and...»

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Was terror an integral part of the mentality of the revolutionaries in France?

Document abstract : «No part of the Revolution calls as much pictures to mind as the "Terror". The endless lines of people waiting to be guillotined, the Committee of Public Safety with the heartless figure of Maximilien Robespierre, Marat's corpse lying in his bath...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Description of the meaning of the terror.. The French revolution and the terrorist aspect.. The ideology behind the concept of terror.. Various schools of thought on terror.. Conclusion.. Bibliograp...»

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Museum of the Native Americans

Document abstract : «As opposed to most other exhibitions on Native Americans, the one held within the Native Americans National Museum puts the emphasis on the present life of Indian Americans. They are not classified as a memory of the past anymore but as part of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Native Americans as opposed to what has been argued in the past.. Not static communities waiting for Europeans to come.. Migration.. The encounter with the Europeans.. The Native American culture.. Infusion of religion at every...»

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France under the Fifth Republic

Document abstract : «The French Fourth Republic collapsed following the rise of the civil war in Algeria. Its lack of stability, which was a consequence of its parliamentary structure and the weaknesses of its parties, did not manage to survive this major crisis, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The significant divisions inside the French Right.. Divisions inside the Parties of the French Right throughout the Fifth Republic.. Divisions between the parties of the French Right.. When the national unity is achieved around one...»

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Radicalization of the French Revolution, from 1789 to the end of 1794

Document abstract : «The French Revolution is often depicted as a process of growing violence, underpinned by more and more radical theories. Indeed, a Manichean view often leads people to believe that France was peaceful in the beginning of 1789, and turned violent and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Discussing the radicalization of the French Revolution.. La Prise de la Bastille by Jacques Godechot.. Violence in the French Revolution.. The rise in the price of bread.. Economic questions.. The conception of liberty and...»

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The reasons behind decolonization

Document abstract : «Between the two world wars, colonialism reached its zenith. Geographically first: at this time, colonial empires were indeed established in every continent, notably in Africa where France and Britain had the lion's share. Economically speaking, the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The emergence of a new international order soon after the Second World War.. The shakiness of the colonial empires.. The role of the US and the USSR.. The role of international organisations.. The revolution of thoughts about...»

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"The major parties of the Federal Republic of Germany provide better models of the 'catch-all party' (Kirchheimer) than do those of the French Fifth Republic and post-war Italy." Discuss

Document abstract : «The Post war period was characterized by move towards spreading secular and mass consumer-goods societies. This note is valid in the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Fifth Republic, and post-war Italy. This major turn in societies had to be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The CDU and SPD: Unequalled models in Kirchheimer's perspective.. The CDU: The first European party which fitted in Kirchheimer's 'catch all' party model.. Relying on the ethos of social responsibility and a commitment to the market...»

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The Constituent Assembly (1789-1791) and its major reforms during the French Revolution

Document abstract : «The Constituent Assembly is the Assembly in power in France between July, 9th 1789 and September, 30th 1791. On July 9th 1789, the National Assembly (created on 17th June) proclaims itself the Constituent National Assembly. This means its primary...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Important reforms of the Constituent Assembly and vote of the abolition of all privileges.. The Assembly's vote on the Fundamental Principles of Government.. The decree confiscating Church property as another important reform.. The...»

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Japan and China in the 1930's

Document abstract : «At the end of the XIXth century, the dominant position of European powers and of the United States in the Far East remained unmistakable. In fact, the European powers occupied Indochina and shared the occupation of China. Asia remained a stifled...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1931-1935: Reasons, motivations and the first foot of Japanese expansion in China.. The expansion: Economical necessity for Japanese ambitions.. Japanese Imperialism on the march: The policy of aggressive conquests...»

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Discuss the origins of the French Revolution - economically, politically, socially, and ideologically

Document abstract : «"Great revolutions which succeed make the causes which produced them disappear, and thus become incomprehensible because of their own success" (1), wrote Alexis de Tocqueville one hundred and fifty years ago. Yet, we will try all the same to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Financial crisis of the kingdom.. Public deficit .. Expenditure in huge participation in the American war of independence.. Political crisis.. Instability of French administration.. Social crisis.. Lack of uniformity and inequality in...»

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Impact of the French Revolution on 19th century France

Document abstract : «It is quite difficult to discuss the impact of the French revolution on the French society for the country had difficulty accessing stability in the 19th century. Indeed the intervening decades witnessed four major upheavals: in the 1790s, 1830,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Revolutionary legacy on political life and institutions.. Institutional changes and consolidation of the state.. Parliamentarism and legitimacy.. Centralisation and bureaucracy.. Democracy, politicization of the people and national...»

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Community food security in North Minneapolis: Barriers and solutions

Document abstract : «Despite an overwhelming amount of facts, studies, and annual reports proving the contrary, many people today continue to deny the existence of hunger in the United States. Middle-aged Americans will recall hearing their parents demanding them to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Continued to denial of the existence of hunger in the United States. . Keeping the hunger in this country invisible. . Community Food Security.. North Minneapolis.. Composition.. Minneapolis' most racially diverse...»

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Transition Macedonia

Document abstract : «Throughout the centuries, the South-eastern corner of Europe has been the scene of many invasions and transcending civilizations. This left the trace of different cultures, religions and empires. One of the most evident cleavages in the region is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Linz and Stepan theory with respect to Macedonia.. The five arenas of democracy.. Democracy in multi-national states.. The actual state of Macedonian democracy.. Recapitulation.. Macedonia - a contested region throughout the...»

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The significance of the Magna Carta

Document abstract : «The Magna Carta is a charter signed by King John in 1215, during the Middle Ages, a period organized around the system of feudalism. This text embodies an enormous advance politically speaking: it is the basis of the whole English institution....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The social and political context before 1215.. The writing and the content of the Magna Carta.. The consequences of the Magna Carta after 1215.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The government of the Iroquois

Document abstract : «The Iroquois confederation, also called the League of Nation was a confederation of five Nations. These Nations of Iroquois were the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the Senecas). A sixth Nation (the Tuscaroras) joined the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Great Law of Peace.. The origin of the League of the Iroquois: The establishment of the Great Law of Peace.. The principles of the government.. Social structure and political organization.. Social basis.. Social control and...»

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Church and state controversy in the middles ages

Document abstract : «The disputes between Ambrose and Theodosius, the Carolingian rebellious episcopacy and Louis the Pious, and Gregory VII and Henry IV led to a same conclusion; the three emperors did penance. We can view these disputes as different episodes at...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The relationship between Church and State.. The autonomy of spiritual and temporal.. The ambiguity within the Gospels.. The disputes between Ambrose and Theodosius.. The excommunication.. The public penance.. Ambrose's claim that it...»

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History of mathematics in China

Document abstract : «"Chinese mathematics" was defined by Chinese in ancient times as the "art of calculation". This art was both a practical and a spiritual one. Like in Europe, many traces of calculations and solutions of equations were found by archaeologists. Today,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Brief history.. The Chinese counting system.. Origins.. Schemes of notation.. Rod numeral system.. Traditional system (still used nowadays).. Complements.. Instruments to calculate.. Chinese counting boards.. The abacus.. The Chinese...»

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From toleration to proscription: Christian Emperors' attitude toward Paganism in the Fourth Century

Document abstract : «Constantine's conversion to Christianity in 312 at the battle of the Milvian Bridge is highly debated among scholars. There is on the other hand no doubt that the Roman population was widely pagan at that time and did not convert to Christianity...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Paganism, a secondary issue under Constantine?. The accuracy of Constantine's conversion to Christianity.. Constantine's religious legislation preserved in the Theodosian...»

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The civil rights movement - From counters to subs

Document abstract : «The Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery (speech by Lincoln Sept.23nd 1862  13th amendment in 1865); the 14th amendment declared everyone equal and the 15th gave the right to vote provided some very restrictive conditions were met....»

Synopsis abstract : «Black counterculture: Projects and action.. Political and ideological forefront.. The 'separate but equal' myth.. The three M's (Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr).. Expressions of Black counterculture.. Civil disobedience/legal...»

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The role of diasporas in conflict

Document abstract : «The manner in which nation-states, borders, identities and conflicts are conceived of in the post-Cold War era is drastically different than the system that dominated much of the twentieth century. One of the most glaring physical examples of our...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Defining diaspora.. The definition of diaspora.. Attempting to retain dual levels of identity.. A change in the nature of conflict and the increased importance of diasporas.. The number and importance of diasporas.. The important...»

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The effect of black soldiers in the Civil War

Document abstract : «Throughout the history of the United States, Africans and African-Americans have consistently been treated as second-class citizens. This prejudice is most apparent and appalling in the system of slavery that lasted for more than two hundred years...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The treatment of African-Americans as second-class citizens.. The Civil War and the second war of independence.. Organizations such as the Hannibal Guards.. Utilizing all of the anxious human capital available.. The 1st South Carolina...»

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Slavery and politics in early America

Document abstract : «The legal practice of slavery in the United States of America ended on December 6th, 1865 with the passage of the 13th amendment to the Constitution. In the wake of the terrible carnage of the American Civil War, people have tried to make sense over...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The American revolution as a product of the system of slavery.. The ideals of the 18th century enlightenments.. The development of the declaration of independence.. The wake of the successful war to gain freedom from the British.. The...»

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A critical study of Ramesses II: His contributions to Egypt as the last great pharaoh

Document abstract : «The dictionary definition of "great" is: "of extraordinary powers; having unusual merit;" This definition fits with the interpretation of what it was to be great according to the pharaohs of the New Kingdom, especially those of the eighteenth and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The dictionary definition of 'great'.. Events that led up to the nineteenth dynasty. . Standard set by the actions of Ramesses I and Sethos I in relation to Ramesses II.. Egypt: overcome by a series of conquests interjected by brief...»

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Critical study: Comparing the reigns of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III

Document abstract : «One of the most interesting periods of Egyptian history comes during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. In approximately 1479 B.C., the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose II died and, after a short dispute, was succeeded by his consort Hatshepsut who...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The biography of Hatshepsut. . Direct rule of Egypt by a queen.. Hatshepsut's successor.. The second element of this essay.. The expansion of trade. . Thutmose's strategy for increasing Egyptian trade output.. Increasing Egypt's...»

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The truths we cling to: Un-Americanism and the Dies Committee

Document abstract : «What does it mean to be 'un-American?' For most of the twentieth century, a congressional committee took upon itself the mission of defining that vague and often misused term. The committee went through different iterations and attacked different...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Samuel Dickstein (D-NY) as vice chairman of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities.. A report claiming no vestige of fascism existed in the...»

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The battle of Stalingrad 1942-1943

Document abstract : «The year is 1942. Nazi gains in the Soviet Union and North Africa have brought the Allies to the verge of destruction, while Japan continues to conquer island after island in the Pacific. Even Australia is in full panic mode, as occupied New Guinea...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. War between the two continental powers of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.. The war as of June 22 1941.. The largest blitzkrieg offensive of all time. . Directive No. 21.. The fall of Kiev in September 1941.. Hitler's original plan...»

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Ankara: The capital of Turkey

Document abstract : «Some cities seem to go on forever, able to reappear in very different guises and characteristics from one era to another. Ankara is one such changeling. With its roots more than 4,000 years ago in the Bronze Age, it was a trading city to the Greeks,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Location and history.. Location.. Archaeological remains from Stone Age hunters.. The Achaemenid Persians.. Diocletian's persecution of Christians.. The drought in the middle of the ï¬fth century . The Sassanian's...»

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The city of Alexandria - Egypt

Document abstract : «An age-old eastern Mediterranean metropolis of nearly two and a half millennia, Alexandria is Egypt's second-largest city; an important, burgeoning industrial center; and the country's principal port. It also has survived as a romantic myth, as "the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Population estimates.. Location and history.. The construction of the city.. Location.. Ptolemaic Alexandria.. The Lighthouse of Pharos.. The Jewish community.. The Arab Muslim conquerors of Egypt.. Recent research.. A new city...»

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Investigating the role of soil type, parcel proximity to village and the usage of manure in Nigerian land-use decisions ( with pictures and graphs )

Document abstract : «Extensive areas in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa are experiencing increasing population densities and cultivation pressure, insecure land tenure, low annual rainfall amounts (500-800 mm/yr), and soil infertility, all of which affect local cropping...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Conceptulization.. Source data.. Preferential soil cultivation.. Land-use dynamic.. Land-use dynamic vs. parcel proximity.. Land-use dynamic vs. soil type.. Manuring practices.. Manuring practices vs. soil type.. Manuring practices...»

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The city of Acre, Israel

Document abstract : «Since ancient times, the gateway to Palestine has been considered the magniﬁcent harbor at Acre. Now a small Israeli city with a mixed population of Palestinians and Jews, Acre has for more than 4,000 years served the hinterland of southern...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Estimation of the population as of 2005.. Geography and history.. Location of Acre.. The oldest continuously populated cities in the world.. The archaeological record.. Akko incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great - 332...»

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Discovering Barbarian Europe

Document abstract : «Almost everyone has seen a picture of Stonehenge, the famous circle of large upright stones in southern England. Yet very few people know that it was built in several stages over a period of more than a thousand years, starting nearly five thousand...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Stonehenge - the famous circle of large upright stones in southern England.. Arrival of the Romans in Britain.. Humans and environments.. Life after the ice age.. Early holocene warming.. The holocene optimum.. Population and...»

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The historical conditions for the emergence of youth in Italian society

Document abstract : «To analyze history is to delve into a world of a complex mixture of social, political, economic, and technological interaction. Indeed, it is these elements that define and furthermore provide some form of a substantive characterization of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A world of a complex mixture of social, political, economic, and technological interaction.. The ability to not only absorb the lessons of the past but also a framework through which to understand the present.. The 'third world'.. An...»

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The Meiji restoration and the dawning of Japanese modernity

Document abstract : «The Meiji Ishin, or Meiji Restoration culminated in 1868 in the abolition of the feudal Tokugawa bakufu and made way for the modern, Westernized Japan. The mid nineteenth century was a time of vast development around the world, and Japan was...»

Synopsis abstract : «Thesis.. Background.. The Meiji Ishin - known as a Restoration.. Okubo and Saigo.. Different arguments for the motives and reasons for the Meiji Restoration.. The leaders of the restoration.. The Meiji generation.. the case of Japan - the...»

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Analyzing Oswald's relationship with the FBI

Document abstract : «The United States intelligence community is comprised of people who live their lives according to a code of conduct and the orders they receive from superior members of their hierarchical "family". Members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Oswald's request to see the FBI while in custody at the New Orleans police station.. Allegations that Oswald was an informant for the FBI.. The evidence and allegations about Oswald's connection to the FBI.. Walter claims that he had...»

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Aboriginal Australians - Black response to white dominance 1788 - 1980

Document abstract : «It seems that a sad hallmark of indigenous peoples is their oppression and systematic elimination at the hands of foreigners. The Native American marginally survives today after centuries of conflict with Europeans. The Ainu of Japan were nearly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A story of two migrations.. Comparing the plight of the Aborigines to the situations in other societies.. The current hypothesis.. Aborigines came to Australia from the Southeast Asian continent.. Tribes and the division of labor in...»

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Business plan: Green Oceans Fuels

Document abstract : «BUSINESS DESCRIPTION: An ethanol production company with the uniqueness of making ethanol from sea-algae cellulose. This production method allows ethanol to be sold at a much lower price than competitors as well as making it cheaper than...»

Synopsis abstract : «Plan summary.. Products.. Unique features of the product.. Future products.. Market definition.. Competition.. Marketing plan.. Production plan.. Company structure.....»

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How Peter the Great's window to the West empowered Russia

Document abstract : «It was during Peter the Great's reign that Russia emerged as a prevailing European power. This advancement of Russia into European affairs would be accredited to Peter's introduction of Western technological, cultural, military and political ideas...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Russia's campaign against the port in the city of Azov.. The beginning of Peter's opening of his window to the west.. His future love of all things naval and Western culture itself.. The Grand Embassy.. The building of St...»

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How imperial Asian activity contributed to the causes of the First World War

Document abstract : «Imperialism is the policy of expanding national territory and influence. Throughout the nineteenth century Europe immersed itself in an embroiled colonial race that caused rivalries and friendships that were forever altering with every move. Central...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Asian colonial issues.. The Treaty of Nanking.. The Second Opium War.. The Treaty of Tensing.. Asia and the self-seeking conflicts.. 1860's Japan's modernization and industrialization.. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894.. Increasing...»

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Ending the reign of a crime king: The taking down of Al Capone

Document abstract : «The city of Chicago, Illinois has experienced numerous monumental periods and events during its history. From the famous Chicago Fire to the creation of the world's tallest building, it is quite easy to declare Chicago's past to be very eventful. ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The city of Chicago.. Colonel Robert Isham Randolph.. Correctly examining the ending of Capone's reign.. Capone's continued development of a name and reputation.. Chicago's mob scene.. Capone - on the verge of breaking out and...»

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Trials and Triumphs: A look at the leadership of the nation of Islam 1930-2005

Document abstract : «The Nation of Islam is defined as "a religious and political organization founded in the United States in 1930 with a declared aim of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the Black man and woman of America and the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Nation of Islam.. Begining of the Nation of Islam.. The Honorable Elijah Muhammad.. Malcolm Little's desire to join the Nation of Islam.. The replacing of Elijah Muhammad with Wallace.. Concern on what Wallace did as the new...»

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The evolution of the Hermaphrodite in Greek culture

Document abstract : «The nature of the hermaphrodite was a source of conflicting emotions in the Classical World. On one hand, the androgynous being represented a kind of natural deformity and was treated with fear; on the other hand, the hermaphrodite was the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The nature of the hermaphrodite.. The Hermaphrodite in Greek Mythology.. The role of the hermaphrodite in Greek mythology.. Antagonism to the fusion of two separate sexual beings.. The precedent for the appearance of androgynous...»

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The battle of Shiloh

Document abstract : «Before day break of June 6, 1862, Federal troops discovered that Confederate soldiers were nearby. This occurred in Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee. The Battle of Shiloh was just beginning and it would become one of the most significant and perhaps...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Union Army - unprepared for battle.. Federal scouts come upon Confederate soldiers on June 6. . General Sherman - in charge of one of the divisions fights hard against the Confederates. . The morning following the June 6th...»

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The South African crime wave

Document abstract : «In 1997 South Africa had the highest murder rate in the world.1 For the period 1998 - 2000, it slipped to number two, losing the top spot to Colombia, but retained the number one position (per capita) in murders with firearms, rapes, and assaults.2...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction - The murder capital of the world.. Putting the crime wave in context.. Roots of the crime wave.. Exacerbation during the transition.. Sustaining factors under the new government.. Conclusion.....»

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Historical geography of the Salton Sea

Document abstract : «Running a length of 35 miles, spanning a width of 15 miles and covering an area of 381 square miles, Salton Sea makes for the largest inland saline lake in the state of California. With a surface elevation of 227 feet below sea level, it is located...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The birth of Salton Sea.. Lake Cahuilla: The predecessor of Salton.. Golden days of Salton Sea.. Downfall of the Salton Sea.. Resuscitating a dying sea.....»

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The ideological clash of Athens and Sparta

Document abstract : «At the forefront of Western Civilization stood Ancient Greece and her two most prized City-States, Athens and Sparta. Although the two developed relatively alongside each other, many cultural and ideological differences arose as time spanned...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Athens - eighth century B.C.. Areopagus - indirect reason for the rise of democracy in Athens.. Aristotle's insight on a key difference between democracy and oligarchy.. Ninety years after Solon's beginning in Athenian politics.. The...»

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