Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in History, Ancient History and Geography

Impact of the French Revolution on 19th century France

Document abstract : «It is quite difficult to discuss the impact of the French revolution on the French society for the country had difficulty accessing stability in the 19th century. Indeed the intervening decades witnessed four major upheavals: in the 1790s, 1830,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Revolutionary legacy on political life and institutions.. Institutional changes and consolidation of the state.. Parliamentarism and legitimacy.. Centralisation and bureaucracy.. Democracy, politicization of the people and national...»

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Discuss the origins of the French Revolution - economically, politically, socially, and ideologically

Document abstract : «"Great revolutions which succeed make the causes which produced them disappear, and thus become incomprehensible because of their own success" (1), wrote Alexis de Tocqueville one hundred and fifty years ago. Yet, we will try all the same to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Financial crisis of the kingdom.. Public deficit .. Expenditure in huge participation in the American war of independence.. Political crisis.. Instability of French administration.. Social crisis.. Lack of uniformity and inequality in...»

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Japan and China in the 1930's

Document abstract : «At the end of the XIXth century, the dominant position of European powers and of the United States in the Far East remained unmistakable. In fact, the European powers occupied Indochina and shared the occupation of China. Asia remained a stifled...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1931-1935: Reasons, motivations and the first foot of Japanese expansion in China.. The expansion: Economical necessity for Japanese ambitions.. Japanese Imperialism on the march: The policy of aggressive conquests...»

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The Constituent Assembly (1789-1791) and its major reforms during the French Revolution

Document abstract : «The Constituent Assembly is the Assembly in power in France between July, 9th 1789 and September, 30th 1791. On July 9th 1789, the National Assembly (created on 17th June) proclaims itself the Constituent National Assembly. This means its primary...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Important reforms of the Constituent Assembly and vote of the abolition of all privileges.. The Assembly's vote on the Fundamental Principles of Government.. The decree confiscating Church property as another important reform.. The...»

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"The major parties of the Federal Republic of Germany provide better models of the 'catch-all party' (Kirchheimer) than do those of the French Fifth Republic and post-war Italy." Discuss

Document abstract : «The Post war period was characterized by move towards spreading secular and mass consumer-goods societies. This note is valid in the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Fifth Republic, and post-war Italy. This major turn in societies had to be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The CDU and SPD: Unequalled models in Kirchheimer's perspective.. The CDU: The first European party which fitted in Kirchheimer's 'catch all' party model.. Relying on the ethos of social responsibility and a commitment to the market...»

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The reasons behind decolonization

Document abstract : «Between the two world wars, colonialism reached its zenith. Geographically first: at this time, colonial empires were indeed established in every continent, notably in Africa where France and Britain had the lion's share. Economically speaking, the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The emergence of a new international order soon after the Second World War.. The shakiness of the colonial empires.. The role of the US and the USSR.. The role of international organisations.. The revolution of thoughts about...»

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Radicalization of the French Revolution, from 1789 to the end of 1794

Document abstract : «The French Revolution is often depicted as a process of growing violence, underpinned by more and more radical theories. Indeed, a Manichean view often leads people to believe that France was peaceful in the beginning of 1789, and turned violent and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Discussing the radicalization of the French Revolution.. La Prise de la Bastille by Jacques Godechot.. Violence in the French Revolution.. The rise in the price of bread.. Economic questions.. The conception of liberty and...»

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France under the Fifth Republic

Document abstract : «The French Fourth Republic collapsed following the rise of the civil war in Algeria. Its lack of stability, which was a consequence of its parliamentary structure and the weaknesses of its parties, did not manage to survive this major crisis, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The significant divisions inside the French Right.. Divisions inside the Parties of the French Right throughout the Fifth Republic.. Divisions between the parties of the French Right.. When the national unity is achieved around one...»

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Museum of the Native Americans

Document abstract : «As opposed to most other exhibitions on Native Americans, the one held within the Native Americans National Museum puts the emphasis on the present life of Indian Americans. They are not classified as a memory of the past anymore but as part of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Native Americans as opposed to what has been argued in the past.. Not static communities waiting for Europeans to come.. Migration.. The encounter with the Europeans.. The Native American culture.. Infusion of religion at every...»

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Assess the impact of the Hundred Year's War upon Anglo-French trade

Document abstract : «The Hundred Years War is an important period of the English history and of the French history. The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The death of Charles IV - The king of France.. The increase in iron and steel trades in the war.. The Scottish interruption.. Loss of Normandy.. The effects of the hundred years war.. The effects on trade and...»

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Was terror an integral part of the mentality of the revolutionaries in France?

Document abstract : «No part of the Revolution calls as much pictures to mind as the "Terror". The endless lines of people waiting to be guillotined, the Committee of Public Safety with the heartless figure of Maximilien Robespierre, Marat's corpse lying in his bath...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Description of the meaning of the terror.. The French revolution and the terrorist aspect.. The ideology behind the concept of terror.. Various schools of thought on terror.. Conclusion.. Bibliograp...»

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The revolt of the Netherlands: Spain's failure to regain control of the Netherlands

Document abstract : «The rebellion of the Netherlands against ruling Spain was, in the end, a success leading to complete independence in 1648, with the Treaties of Den Haag and of Westphalia. All the Northern provinces of the "Spanish Netherlands" became fully...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Spain's intrinsic weaknesses.. King of Spain himself undermined Spain's possibilities of victory in war.. The other problems that weakened Spain.. External causes of the Spanish failure.. Colonial competition from England and...»

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What to call the genocides of the Second World War and why?

Document abstract : «"Historians are not always trustful guides when we have to reconstitute past". Those words, of Lucy DAWIDOWICZ -an American historian who wrote quite a lot of books about the historiography of genocides- directly aimed at criticizing historians of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The controversy about the proper name to give to the genocides perpetrated by the Nazis.. The sensitivity of the name's issue . Genocide/Genocides.. The official definition of the term 'genocide'.. The beginning of the 'Genocide...»

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Preparing the Great War: The Schlieffen Plan

Document abstract : «Between 1905 and 1914, due to the instability of Europe dominated by alliances, every country in Europe was preparing for the war and developing war plans and strategies, which had to suit their conceptions of the war. Germany, which was allied with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Signing of Entente Cordiale and Germany becoming the leading country in Europe.. The theoretical Schlieffen plan.. The risks taken by Schlieffen.. Germany and Belgium.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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When the Japanese moved into Southeast Asia in 1941, local reactions to the occupying forces differed greatly. Evaluate the motivations that fueled these varying responses, taking into consideration particular local situations and periods of the war

Document abstract : «Raising the question of the reactions to the Japanese takeover in Southeast Asia is very delicate and original for many reasons. Firstly, Southeast Asia is a broad region and it is most likely that the reactions of locals will differ greatly from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The pre invasion context: A determinant to understand the reactions of locals to the Japanese invasion.. An unwelcomed colonization.. The Philippines and Thailand: Exceptions in different ways.. The loss of their initial support and...»

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Elizabeth the First

Document abstract : «Born on September 7, 1533 in Greenwich, England. Died on March 24, 1603 in Richmond, Surrey. Elizabeth I, also called the Virgin queen because she never married, was the queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603 or a total of forty five...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Her childhood and accession as queen.. Her reign.. The beginning of her reign.. Elizabethan government.. Elizabethan economy.. Foreign policy.. The queen's image.. End of an Era.. Fun facts.. Bibliography.....»

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South Africa: Colonial expansion and British consolidation

Document abstract : «History of South Africa's colonization is undoubtedly one of the most complex, partly due to the fact that several colonizing nations and several native tribes were in interaction. What kind of evolutions knew South Africa from the second part of...»

Synopsis abstract : «1652 to 1805: The Dutch supremacy.. The arrival of the Dutch.. The growth of the colony.. 1805 to 1880: Arrival and consolidation of the British.. British arrival and their attempt to stabilize the situation.. The emergence of hard relations between...»

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Pragmatism and idealism in the process of nation-building (1781-1788)

Document abstract : «"Idealism without pragmatism is impotent. Pragmatism without idealism is meaningless. The key to effective leadership is pragmatic idealism." (Richard Nixon). Were the very first years of the new nation, born of the American Revolution, marked by a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The idealistic heritage of the Revolution.. The spirits of optimism.. The Articles of Confederation.. The ratification of the Articles of Confederation.. The ideals born of the Revolution.. Shay's rebellion in 1786.. The lack of a...»

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Abraham Lincoln

Document abstract : «Abraham Lincoln is considered to be one of the greatest American presidents who expressed himself as not simply a forceful war while demonstrating the vast power inherent in the presidency, but as a dictator, albeit in many accounts a benevolent and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Abraham Lincoln's gradual adoption slave emancipation.. Result of Lincoln's policy.. The Lincoln administrations emphasis that the American conflict that caused the Civil War did not stem from slavery.. Lincoln's personal attitude...»

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Was the Great Famine of greater significance for the histories of subsequent generations than for those of the period 1845 - 50?

Document abstract : «Ireland in the beginning of the 1840's had a population of eight million inhabitants of whom more than four-fifths lived on the land and it was one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The prosperous phase which prevailed in Ireland at...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The role of the potato in Ireland.. The Great Famine.. Consequence of the famine: Eviction.. Emigration.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The endurance of the "Islamic World" from the seventh century to the nineteenth century

Document abstract : «The expansion in Islam was a long process, occurring through centuries. The conquests were led in the name of the Prophet Muhammad. However, these victories were also the expression of the triumph of a people over the first Empires dominating the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The formation and the endurance of a major cultural region.. The expansion of the Islamic world.. A strong element of strength of the Islamic culture.. The main place of the intellectual activity.. The period from the eleventh to the...»

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Did Thatcherism bring an end to the 'post-war consensus?'

Document abstract : «Since 1979 the so-called 'Thatcher experiment' or the 'Thatcherism' was at the centre of many debates, partly because Mrs Thatcher's government has broken with many features of the postwar consensus and partly because her government's record is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The conventional point of view: The end of consensus.. What was the 'postwar consensus'?. The consensus and Thatcher's election as Prime Minister.. Thatcher's policies and the end of the consensus period.. Criticism to the...»

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Mao's reforms: A total failure?

Document abstract : «"In time of difficulties, we must not lose sight of our achievements." This quotation from the Communist leader Mao Tse-Tung (1893-1976) could perfectly apply to his economic policy. When Mao came to power in October 1949, China was out of a decade...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mao's policies.. Mao's role in the Chinese economy.. Mao towards industrialization.. The success of industrialization.. Stability in economy.. The government investments.. The slack in the agricultural sector.. Establishment of an...»

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Genocide: The case of Rwanda

Document abstract : «The situation in Darfur illustrates the difficulties the international community faces when it comes to deal with acts of genocide. Genocide has been defined as a crime in international law, an international Convention has been signed and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Definition of genocide.. The Hutus and the Tutsis.. The role of UN.. Major failure of the international community.. The ICTY and ICTR.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Compare and contrast the causes and nature of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions

Document abstract : «"Every social group, every nationality, every region, every town, every village, had its own revolution", wrote Christopher Read and indeed, 1917 proved to be for Russia a year of turmoil and change. Traditionally, however, 1917 is known as a year...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The two revolutions of radically different nature.. Role of Bolsheviks: From a surprise to full implication.. Scale and spontaneity: From overthrow of a government to people's revolutions.. Casuality.. Power vacuum: Collapse of inner...»

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The emancipation proclamation

Document abstract : «President Abraham Lincoln entered the war in order to preserve the union of the United States rather than to abolish slavery. Indeed, he repeatedly emphasized that his paramount objective in the war was to save the union, not to free the slaves....»

Synopsis abstract : «The emancipation proclamation.. The Civil War.. An act of justice.. A military necessity.. Bibliography.....»

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The history of the Jagiellonian university: The history of Krakow

Document abstract : «Since its foundation in 1364, the University of Krakow has known a destiny unique of its kind. It was the second university created in Central Europe after the one in Prague - created in 1348 - and before many others afterward like in Vienna (1365),...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The flourishing beginnings.. Kazimierz the Great.. The restoration of Krakow's University.. A real Golden Age.. The first difficulties.. The Rector and the Bishop's refusal of the ideas of the Reformation.. The authorities boasting...»

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The classical realist and structural realist theories applied to the Kosovo crisis in 1998-1999

Document abstract : «Kosovo is mostly known as a region in the former Yugoslavia where, in 1998 and 1999, there was growing violence between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), which sought independence from Serbia, and the Serbian army and police, which were randomly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The realist theory: Understanding and analysing the sources of Yugoslavia war and of US intervention in Kosovo.. International and Domestic security dilemmas.. International Anarchy and predominance of the nation-states.. The conduct...»

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What historical factors played the greatest role in defining the Arab society and culture since the eighteenth century?

Document abstract : «From the seventh to the eighteenth century, the Arab World has formed a large area regrouping a Muslim population, sharing a common religion and culture. In different parts of the Islamic World, Islam was the bound between the Umma. Since the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Ottoman Empire: Decline and end.. The Ottoman Empire.. Its failure to adapt its economy and especially its industry to the European economy.. Different interpretations of Islam.. The Arab population under European colonialism.. The...»

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Why did communism become established in Eastern Europe after the Second World War?

Document abstract : «On the 25th of April 1945, shortly before the official end of the Second World War, American and Soviet soldiers meet at the Elbe river. But to reach the Elbe river, the Russian troops had to come all the way across Europe, and so across Eastern...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The reasons why communism was implemented in Eastern Europe.. Two 'exclusive zones of influence'. . The efficient presence of the Red Army in the occupied countries. . The Soviets chasing off the Nazis from Eastern Europe.. The role...»

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