«France was the first country to establish male universal suffrage but one of the last Western states to institute Universal Suffrage: French women were not granted the right to vote before 1944. Many historians have pointed out this apparent anomaly...» Summary abstract
«This essay focuses on Chinese women from North-Western China (the Chinese part of the Silk Road) under the Tang dynasty (618-907). It describes the main outlines of their everyday life, and study more closely the impact of the Silk Road - and its...» Summary abstract
«Defining nationalism before considering its development and emergence in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th is useful because it offers us a good base for a greater comprehension of the phenomenon during this period of time. As...» Summary abstract
«At first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee...» Summary abstract
«Christians and Muslims have always kept ambiguous relationship going. Thanks to the Mediterranean, there have always been lots of contacts between Christians and Muslims. However, these contacts were strengthened with the Crusades during the Middle...» Summary abstract
«"People lost faith in the possibility of reform" said Mikhail Gorbatchev during a conversation analysing the Prague Spring and its consequences. Eastern European socialist countries experienced three attempts of reform at two different times. The...» Summary abstract
«On the 28th of March 2001, Lionel Jospin, the French Prime Minister made an interesting
declaration: 'Europe is more than a market. It stands for a model of society that has grown
historically.' . This statement refers to the development of the...» Summary abstract
«The term "Stalinism" refers to the brutal dictatorship which lasted from 1927 to 1953 in
Russia and Eastern European countries. Although he was the leader of Soviet Russia, after the Second World War Stalin soon became the dictator of a Soviet...» Summary abstract
«France and Germany were during the interwar era one of the key elements of international relations. They were the two most involved powers in World War I. This war was not the last as many people hoped. Once again the two powers were very involved...» Summary abstract
«Gregorio and Asunta, a Peruvian Indian couple, tell their life stories in "Andean lives", a pair of autobiographical narratives edited by two young anthropologists. The story takes place in the highlands of Peru, where millions of indigenous...» Summary abstract
«Trying to determine what the motives of the migrants to the new world were is a difficult quest because motivations were diverse depending on the colonies. The migrants could be motivated by economical considerations. They thought they could have a...» Summary abstract
«The Greek civil war took place between 1943 and 1949. It is one of the most painful episodes of Greece history. We can wonder what was the role of the Greek civil war in the International History of post war era, especially its...» Summary abstract
«Richard Cobden was much involved in politics. In Great Britain, after Napoleonic wars, Corn Laws were passed. In Cobden's opinion the policy implemented in these famous bills was very questionable. Indeed, Frédéric Bastiat's close friend devoted his...» Summary abstract
«The development of media in the Western Germany during the period of the Allied Occupation (1945-1949) and in the first decade of the Federal Republic (1949-1959)
The media is present all around the world. The media tries to express facts,...» Summary abstract
«Classical Antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centred on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC) and continues through the rise of Christianity and the...» Summary abstract
«Some events stamp on the history of mankind forever : the French Revolution is definitely one of these. Indeed, really few upheavals such as this one triggered so many thoughts, comments and passionate reactions all over the world. Although lot of...» Summary abstract
«In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, there was a flourishing of culture in the Netherlands with the rise of humanism and the patronage of the Dukes of Burgundy. With the advances in trade and commerce, there was also a general prosperity which...» Summary abstract
«Traditionally, the media tend to focus their attention on the Latino migration in States such as Texas, California, New Mexico, in other words on southern states close to the Mexican border.
The East Coast seems to be completely forgotten as if it...» Summary abstract
«After World War I, Communism reigned in Russia, which became known as the Soviet Union (USSR). As Karl Marx said, Communism would only be successful if it occurred as a worldwide revolution; thus by its nature, Communism needed to spread. ...» Summary abstract
«Unlike Great Britain, France's colonial wars tended to involve a great deal of violence on the part of the colonizers. Britain generally extricated itself from its colonies with relatively little immediate violence involving British soldiers. The...» Summary abstract
«World War Two left Europe war torn and destitute. Over 30 million people had been "uprooted, transplanted, expelled, deported and dispersed...in the years 1939-43" (Judt, Postwar, p. 23). Many cities were completely destroyed including Minsk, Royan,...» Summary abstract
«In October 1998, Yeltsin defeated his opponents by military force and thus communicated a clear message about both his power and his resolve to achieve his objectives. After this, he presented a new institutional design for organizing politics in...» Summary abstract
«Salman Rushdie has been in hiding for over a decade due to assassins who are out searching for him because of his "anti-Islamic blasphemy, belief and disbelief, anti-Thatcher politics, and pro-Western propaganda" (Kuortti 1999: 15). Even though...» Summary abstract
«For years, man has been trying to find a single chemical that triggers flowering in plants. Although this single chemical has not been found, several of the Gibberellins show promising results as an active florigen - such as GA5 and GA6 and...» Summary abstract
«Do markets really follow a random walk as modern financial theory suggests? Are we likely to experience a market crash as deadly as the likes of the Great Depression? What is the nature of volatility and how should it impact the way we model...» Summary abstract
«1. The Alarm. Number V is the last of a series of five topical essays published by Hampden, Pseudonym, in 1773. Each of the five essays was published in the month of October. Number V, like the prior Hampden essays, was published in New York,...» Summary abstract
«Deciding on the one aspect in all of human history that I would change is certainly a difficult question. I thought of terrorism, the Holocaust, war, conquest, and slavery first. The two aspects these have in common are violence and injustice....» Summary abstract
«When the first Africans were taken from their homeland to be sold into bondage in the Americas, their religion was left behind with their freedom back in Africa. Their native religions, as well as their languages and various other aspects of...» Summary abstract
«Schnittke was born in the Soviet Union in 1934 into a Russian Jewish family. The father was a German Jew from the Baltic area, and the mother was a Catholic from Germany. Given this, his first language was German. In 1945 for three years, he lived...» Summary abstract
«Throughout "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall," Katherine Anne Porter makes Granny sound like she has not done poorly for herself. In reading the first couple of paragraphs of the short story, Porter makes it known that Granny doesn't have it easy....» Summary abstract
«A collection of analysis of recent tax news, here is an excerpt from one of them:
There are some US cities and states that already have levied taxes on soft drinks and junk foods. Money is exchanging hands in this "taxing" process, but what is...» Summary abstract
«Racism has existed since the beginning of time. People have fought hundreds of wars in the name of racial superiority. Racial differences come between almost all people at some point, be it in war or in every day life. Robert Abzug's Inside the...» Summary abstract
«The transition to a cash economy along with the increasing antislavery movement ensured that nineteenth century America would become economically and politically changed. However, the second Great Awakening ensured that principles of the past would...» Summary abstract
«Benjamin Franklin was a very important historical figure that was crucial to the developments of the eighteenth century. Franklin is a poster child for the Enlightenment and throughout his life he was successful in several endeavors. Franklin was a...» Summary abstract
«The growth of education in England is largely associated with the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the rule of the Tudor monarchy. Although there are many factors which contributed to the advancement of education, it was the policies of...» Summary abstract
«When Columbus first landed on the tiny island that would later be known as Saint Domingue, and eventually Haiti, it is doubtful whether he could have ever imagined it becoming "the wealthiest European outpost in the New World," nor the significant...» Summary abstract
«Pavel Chernin, my grandfather, faced excruciating hardships, felt a sense of nationalism and experienced unexpected satisfaction, all at the hands of the manufacturing industry of the Soviet Union. The industry was one of the country's biggest as a...» Summary abstract
«In "Letter from Birmingham Jail" Dr. Martin Luther King, raises an interesting point about the civil right's movement. He notes those who rallied for the government to enforce the landmark decision of 1954, in which the Supreme Court ordered the...» Summary abstract
«The smallpox epidemic that virtually wiped out the natives in their own land was asdisastrous as perhaps any epidemic that has ever existed in human history. While AIDS is doing enormous damage and harm to the people of Africa, it is not suffering...» Summary abstract
«After the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, two super powers remained in the world: the United States and the Soviet Union. These two nations had very different views about the world and their political regimes were polar opposites. During...» Summary abstract
«This past Easter Sunday Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to the Catholics in China which provided long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops in the country. The Pope outlined his opinions on how to respond to illicitly ordained bishops, as well as...» Summary abstract
«The United States Civil War was a watershed event for the country. The consequences of the conflict changed the landscape of the country forever. Historian Charles Beard labeled the war "The Second American Revolution", because he believed that more...» Summary abstract
«Galileo Galilee's advancements in astronomy forever changed the way the Western world viewed itself. His support of the heliocentric theory in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems- Ptolemaic and Copernican published in 1632 included new...» Summary abstract
«"Down with Confucianism!" "We want Mr. S and Mr. D!" These were some of the cries that could be heard in the streets of China on May 4, 1919. This date marked the high point of the student movement known as the May Fourth Movement. Following the...» Summary abstract
«Peter the Great (1689-1725) was the major force that turned Russia away from the old ways of Asiatic Russia, and opened the window to the west. His series of accomplishments as Tsar of Russia began at the dawn of the eighteenth century, with the...» Summary abstract
«At the onset of Peter's reign Russian culture was in a dismal state. The vast majority of the Russian population was illiterate, even among the nobility. Since Peter wanted to westernize Russian society on virtually all levels, education and culture...» Summary abstract
«Intercantica Connections
Paradiso Cantos Three and Four
While Dante's Divine Comedy is separated into three distinct sections, the entire work of literature is just that, one long book. Even though the sections take place in different settings,...» Summary abstract
«As a young nation the United States was faced with the prospect of gaining a foothold in the world, during a time when European aggression and tensions were running high. During the period from 1775 through 1819, American diplomats were able to...» Summary abstract
«Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and several of his business associates, including his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner Stephen V. Harkness. It...» Summary abstract
«Long before the "Odd Couple", there was a duo even more opposite and conflicted - Thomas Morton and William Bradford. A battle between two strong characters, with very different and contrasting beliefs about life, ensued on 1622 in the early English...» Summary abstract
«Joan of Arc never lived to hear her own name; she never lived to see her own deliverance. Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) died a heretic. Redeemed twenty-five years later at the nullification of the Rouen trial that sentenced her to the stake,...» Summary abstract
«World history is full of brutality. Wars and conquests, rapes and massacres; savage displays of the primitive monster man has always been and always will be. Yet more disgusting than any military operation is the mutilation of religion in the face...» Summary abstract
«The twelve years between 1933 and 1935 saw the systematic elimination of over ten million people, including over six million Jews and over four million Gypsies, Slavs, Communists, and people deemed unfit for life, such as the mentally retarded and...» Summary abstract
«Social movements can be very influential within a nation, and they often result in massive changes. When a large number of individuals are dissatisfied with a policy and believe it is necessary to take action against that policy, social movements...» Summary abstract
«In 1925, one of the most famous trials in American history took place. The question being debated was evolution, and a young teacher by the name of John Scopes was on trial for teaching it to his students. After an enormous amount of publicity, the...» Summary abstract
«The "All-Black towns" of Oklahoma represent a unique segment of American history. Neither in the deep south nor the far west did so many African Americans come together to create and govern their own communities. Between 1865 and 1920, African...» Summary abstract
«Ever since the very day the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima at 8:15 AM, on August 6th, 1945, a question of "moral or not?" sprang up in people's minds, even in the minds of the victims. Some people say the US did right in dropping the...» Summary abstract
«Throughout history, ancient Rome has been one of the great leaders in the field of Empire building. The stench of blood and fear filled the Mediterranean region as Rome conquered city after city and nation after nation. Many cities fell to the...» Summary abstract
«It is acknowledged that under the rule of Peter I Russia have turned itself into a powerful nation. By what is a powerful nation? If we would generalize the knowledge we have about the different powerful states in history, we would probably discover...» Summary abstract
«Society is no stranger to flaws in its history. America, in particular, has a lengthy laundry list of shameful blotches on the angelic record it tries to portray. Because of this, partial truths are often told to cover up the true intensity of the...» Summary abstract
«It has been said that love is the deepest and strongest of all human emotions. It is understood globally across all countries and continents. One of the beautiful things about love is that it can exist anywhere, in many shapes and varieties. It has...» Summary abstract
«Fidel Castro came into power in Cuba on January 1, 1959. He obtained power through a 25-month revolution. Despite the use of guerilla warfare, the revolution was fairly bloodless. By this time Castro was a beloved figure in Cuba, regarded as a...» Summary abstract
«According to material provided by the Hispanic division of the library of congress, by the end of the 1800's, Puerto Rico held strategic value for the United States, for both economic and military reasons. Puerto Rico would provide a new market for...» Summary abstract
«When the United States Constitution was first being written there was a critical division between two groups called the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists opposed the Constitution and believed in a loose construction of...» Summary abstract
«Throughout present day American history there have been many differing views on the Eastern European and Russian Jews as a people and the ways in which they have affected American society. Although often looked down upon, Russian Jews have actually...» Summary abstract
«On September 9th 1976 came the death of perhaps the most influential and feared leader in the history of the modern world. As visionary and well regarded as any Pope, and as reviled and hated as much as Hitler, there is no questioning the enormous...» Summary abstract
«A radical attempts to change parts of a society. A leader revolutionizes an entire country. Few people can be called "saviors" (Gluzman), but Vladimir Lenin earned this title as well as others. Lenin not only addressed the problems of Russia, but...» Summary abstract
«The 1940's will forever remain a significant period in French history. It was during this time that World War II occurred and Germany managed to take over three-fifths of mainland France. The remaining land became known as Vichy France. With such a...» Summary abstract
«What makes Paris the number one tourist destination in the world lies in the myriad cultural and historical landmarks that have not only shaped modern society, but continue to challenge and inspire those who will only be considered visitors. The...» Summary abstract
«The story of Cleopatra is one of epic proportions. Fully of mystery, intrigue and intelligence, Cleopatra is considered one of the most prominent and powerful figures in history. Due to the "Hollywood-ification" of her life as well as legendary...» Summary abstract
«Long considered one of the most fascinating leaders of the 20th century, Mao Zedong has been noted as both a visionary as well as a cruel killer. Before his communist reign as the leader of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China was in a...» Summary abstract
«Transnistria, also known as the Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika (PMR), is a republic unrecognized by any government in the world. Lying on a narrow swath of land along the left bank of the Dniester River, the territory's leaders call it a...» Summary abstract
«In June of 1918, Eugene Victor Debs was arrested for a speech he gave in Canton, Ohio in which he criticized the United States government for its involvement in World War I. He publicly discouraged young men from enlisting in the armed forces and...» Summary abstract
«J.M. Coetzee uses the third person omniscient point of view to tell the story of the unraveling of David Lurie's career and the proceeding time he spends with his daughter, Lucy, in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Through this...» Summary abstract