How can cardiac output be controlled physiologically and pharmacologically?
Summary :
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- The length tension relationship in the cardiac muscle
- Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Causes of a dysrhythmia
- The actions of Class I drugs
- The actions of Class II drugs
- The actions of Class III drugs
- Conclusion
Abstract
cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in a given unit of time, for example the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aortic arch per minute. The cardiac output can be changed by variations in its controlling factors. Changes in cardiac output are vital to the functioning of the body and as such can be caused to increase or decrease to aid said function. Alternatively illness or disease can cause adverse, unwanted effects on cardiac output. Anxiety and excitement, eating, exercise, high environmental temperatures, and pregnancy will all increase cardiac output. Sitting or standing from a lying position, heart disease, and rapid arrhythmias will all cause cardiac output to decrease.
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