Impacts of air pollution on forest ecosystems
Summary :
Table of Contents
- Introduction.
- Subarctic boreal forests.
- Air pollution causes.
- Air pollution concerns.
- Air pollution effect.
- Wet tropics.
- Air pollution causes.
- Air pollution concerns.
- Air pollution effects.
- Semiarid forests.
- Air pollution causes.
- Air pollution concerns.
- Air pollution effects.
- Temperate forests.
- Air pollution causes.
- Air pollution concerns.
- Air pollution effects.
- Conclusion.
Abstract
air pollution problems are international in scale. All forests worldwide experience some degree of air pollution exposure above preindustrial levels. Atmospheric transport processes do not recognize geographic borders, but sources of pollutants, the pollutants of concern, and the specific effects of pollutants vary greatly depending on human cultural activities and natural climate patterns. For example, heavy-metal contamination is a result of poorly controlled mining and industrial emissions; when coupled with frequent rainfall, dispersion is minimized and local deposition is maximized. Deposition of suspended particles is most frequently a problem in forests in dry climates adjacent to agricultural areas where atmospheric conditions allow suspended particles to remain airborne for long periods of time. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed from auto- mobile exhaust (nitrogen oxides) and volatile organic carbon from a variety of chemical, combustion, and natural processes. The reaction requires ample sunlight, thus ozone is a serious problem in urbanized areas in sunny climates. air pollution effects on forests can, therefore, best be understood by looking at climate zone and the human cultural activities of agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization. Although there are many natural sources of air pollutants, such as vegetation fires, windstorms, and volcanic eruptions, for the purposes of this article we shall focus on human caused or anthropogenic, sources of air pollutants and their effects on forest ecosystems.
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