«The Rome Convention on the Law applicable to contractual obligations "applies to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries." The scope of the Convention is therefore clear; its aim is to...» Summary abstract
«Since 1998, voters have elected Hugo Chavez to the presidency three times with increasing margin each time and on August 15, 2004, voters returned to polls to decide whether to remove him from office or not. 59% of voters confirmed the President's...» Summary abstract
«The intrinsic nature of patents has rendered interpretation of patent claims inherently problematic. The central issue that has exercised the courts is the appropriate method of interpretation, particularly on infringement claims. Bainbridge's...» Summary abstract
«In 1946, following the end of World War II and the defeat of the Axis countries, Japan was being occupied by the Americans. During this time, the Allied Powers-the United States, Great Britain, and China-drew up what became called the Potsdam...» Summary abstract
«The Sacyr/Eiffage case involves two public construction companies, the Spanish Sacyr Villehermoso and the French Eiffage. First, let's introduce those two companies. Sacyr is a leading Spanish construction company based and listed in Madrid. It is...» Summary abstract
«The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law . The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation...» Summary abstract
«"The very concept of individual accountability - indeed - the very idea that an act could be 'criminal' was antithetical to International law during much of its history [...] With narrow exceptions, individuals held no rights and bore no...» Summary abstract
«We'll see that a mediate position can be found between what Donnelly has identified as radical cultural relativism (a) and radical universalism (b). Thus, it seems that a cross-cultural consensus can be found on the universality of some basic rights...» Summary abstract
«International commercial arbitration is one of several forms of dispute resolution for international commercial agreements. The use of arbitration has increased along with the growth of international trade and commerce and the accompanying disputes...» Summary abstract
«The right to assistance extends to health care, and any person, whatever his legal status, should enjoy access to appropriate care. However, experience shows that, in reality, the implementation of this law is based primarily on the political will...» Summary abstract
«After the World War II and its atrocities, a new international institution, the United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 to focus on the new challenges faced by the international community. One of the major challenges was the wave of decolonization...» Summary abstract
«In the Supreme Court of Canada's 1993 judgment in Hunt v. T & N Plc, Justice La Forest laid down the following goal to international law : "develop (...) co-ordination in the face of [the] diversity" of the international system. In other words,...» Summary abstract
«The notion of individual criminal responsibility under international law is a recent phenomenon. Many different mechanisms have been employed including domestic courts, the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as ad hoc UN tribunals and new...» Summary abstract
«Historically, the foreign policy of the United States has been such that one event has integrated itself into effecting the majority of events to follow. The case of the United States foreign policy in the Congo and, specifically, the assassination...» Summary abstract
«Central to the general idea of the Rule of Law is the specific intention that it involves the rule of the law rather than the rule of the people. Judges hold a position of central importance in the relation to the concept of the Rule of Law. They...» Summary abstract
«Charlotte Ku and Paul F. Diehl noticed that at first sight, 'International' and 'Law' sound contradictory: "how can one imagine a structured and developed legal system functioning in a political environment that is diffused, disparated, unregulated...» Summary abstract
«The tax situation of each person is defined in relation to his domicile tax. According to Article 1 of the law of 29 December 1976 applicable for the first time to the income for the year 1977 and codified in section 4A of the GTC, "people who have...» Summary abstract
«When the idea of a potential world organization first emerged in 1943, arbitration was soon to be made between maintaining effective power within the scope of a few powers, and the necessity to gain the support from small and medium States. The only...» Summary abstract
«Today, various international instruments allow for the protection and respect of human rights. Thus, the International Bill of Rights is the basis composed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the two subsequent International...» Summary abstract
«Restitutionary obligation is the response to unjust enrichment. Unjust Enrichment at the expense of another must be restituted in order to secure a corrective justice. On this very basis restitutionary, as opposed to compensation, aims to deprive...» Summary abstract
«This paper will show to the reader the difficulties which can appear in practice concerning the international criminal law. Indeed, several problems can occur. First of all, one has to know what the aim of the international criminal law is and we...» Summary abstract
«The United States has been the main supporter of the development of international rules since the end of World War II. The US sought to rebuild an international system that would promote international cooperation in various areas to avoid conflicts:...» Summary abstract
«The United Kingdom was one of the original parties to the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). States which contract into the ECHR are obliged to secure the enjoyment of Convention rights for their citizens. Sometimes...» Summary abstract
«The Hague Peace Conference of 1899, marked a new phase in the history of international arbitration. It ended by adopting a Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, which dealt not only with arbitration but also with other...» Summary abstract
«"Truth is that international law is neither a myth on the one hand, nor a panacea on the other, but just one institution among others which we can use for building of a better international order" (J. Brierly, The law of nations, Oxford 1995). Law...» Summary abstract
«On 16 May 2006, resolution 1679 was unanimously adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations Organisation (UNO). It expressed its intention to consider conducting a "United Nations Operation in Darfur" and called for the deployment of "a...» Summary abstract
«On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the Third General Assembly of the United Nations. In the aftermath of WW2, nearly every state that had fought with the Western Allies wanted the atrocities of...» Summary abstract
«On a summer day of June 1959, during the wars of Italian unification, a major battle broke out in northern Italy. Later to become known as the battle of Solferino, it was estimated that some six thousand were killed in a single day. Henry Dunant,...» Summary abstract
«This paper examines the legal process of entering into a joint venture with the Cuban public water system through a joint venture in a Post-Fidel Castro Cuba. Although Fidel is no longer at the helm, the Cuban Communist party is still in power. ...» Summary abstract
«During the Cold War, the legality of a sovereign state nationalizing foreign property was often debated among the world community. The two principal contrasting theories were: (1) socialist theory and (2) western capitalist theory. States from the...» Summary abstract
«On 21 November 2006, the Football Association (FA) approved and implemented the new domestic Football Agents Regulations (the Regulations), which came into effect in September 2007. Whilst it is too early to ascertain the impact of the Regulations...» Summary abstract
«The World Trade Organization is the most recent result of international efforts to reduce barriers to trade. It is an institution in which membership is voluntary, but it is also an organization with legal status. I will explain more about this...» Summary abstract
«Under European Union law, Article 81 of the EC Treaty provides that all agreements between undertakings, decisions of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their objective or effect the...» Summary abstract
«When the historic "Gaza and Jericho" first agreement was signed in September 1993 at the White House in Washington, D. C., in the presence of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and President...» Summary abstract
«The question of available protection for new products which are software is a complex issue. Under UK law, the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988 ("the Act"), software is protected by the law of copyright. Although this is a powerful form of...» Summary abstract
«Under European Union law, Article 81 of the EC Treaty provides that all agreements between undertakings, decisions of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their objective or effect the...» Summary abstract
«The main legislative framework addressing protection of disability rights in the UK has been the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) as amended by the Disability Act 2005 to widen the definition of "disability" in order to confer stronger...» Summary abstract
«No one knows exactly how many illegal immigrants are in this country. Estimates range from 4 to 12 million people. The largest group of undocumented immigrants is Mexicans. Thousands of Mexicans, some with families, cross the border illegally in...» Summary abstract
«In all the various interrelated issues of the border, there is one central group that is essential to allowing immigrants to cross in the United States: the coyotes. Coyotes are smugglers who assist immigrants in getting across the border without...» Summary abstract
«Humanitarian intervention deals with two academic fields: political philosophy and international law. The question of intervention depends on the morality and on the legality of the intervention. Is humanitarian intervention a moral duty for states?...» Summary abstract
