Is there a French Affirmative Action Policy?

Type :

Presentation

Pages :

7 pages

Format :

.doc

Published date :

01/15/2009

Category :

Political science

Sub category :

Political science

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Summary :

Introduction.
French policies aimed at affirmative action.
1. The idea of bringing in affirmative action into French integration policies.
2. The topic 'is there a French affirmative action policy?'
3. Territorial discrimination for education.
4. Easing access to employment for disadvantaged people.
5. The policy 'la parite'.
The absence of affirmative action programs aimed at ethnical minorities.
The main criteria for affirmative action policies in France.
1. Social and economic standards.
2. Deficiency in nature, acknowledged by the whole society.
3. Territorial discrimination and the importance of the environment.
The differences between France and America with regards affirmative action.
The word 'discrimination'.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.

Abstract

affirmative action was born in the United States. It was originally designed to favour Black people, whose ancestors where slaves. Then, such programs extended to other underprivileged categories of the population: the disabled, the women, the Latinos. The first to use the phrase "affirmative action" was President John Fitzgerald Kennedy in 1961. The core idea was that despite civil rights laws, increasing equality required to promote Black people to upper social categories, for instance through an easier access to university. At that period were also created some jobs reserved to ethnic minorities. Nevertheless, quotas were never used to enforce this policy. The Supreme Court even stated in 2003, that quotas are against the constitution. Indeed, the federal government had to plan pro-minorities laws, without ever using the quotas. The results that came out of this policy in the United States seem to be cheering. Indeed, in 1960, only 13 % of the Black people in the United States belonged to the middle-class. Today, this figure amounts 66 %.