Articles, Agreements and Contracts in Law and Legal subjects

International human rights law

Document abstract : «Today, various international instruments allow for the protection and respect of human rights. Thus, the International Bill of Rights is the basis composed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the two subsequent International...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. States' obligations.. The article 26 explanation.. The Preamble of the Covenant.. The purpose of obligation.. The importance of monitoring.. The Economic and Social Council.. Articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant.. Strengthening the...»

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Has the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 gone far enough in reforming the English law of privacy?

Document abstract : «Under the doctrine of privacy, which became entrenched in English law in the latter half of the 19th century , contractual rights and liabilities are limited to the parties to the contract. The mounting criticisms and arguments for reform have led...»

Synopsis abstract : «The 1999 Act: The creation of a wide-ranging exception to the doctrine of privacy.. The doctrine of privacy: Rationale and arguments for reform.. The scope of the 1999 Act: Under what conditions can third parties obtain a right to enforce...»

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Implementation of European Law in a federal state: The Belgian case between coherence and autonomy

Document abstract : «'Ultimately the impact of EU rules depends on the willingness and capacity of Member States authorities to ensure that they are transposed and enforced effectively and fully and on time' (Graver) . This statement from the European Commission in its...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The issue of autonomy in federal states and the implementation of Eu law.. The general issue of implementation deficit in federal states.. The paradoxical Belgian case.. Imperfect domestic reforms to reconcile autonomy and...»

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Authors' rights in the Anglo-Saxon world

Document abstract : «The authors' rights are a very important problem of the modern economic world. The rules that regulate the authors' rights have always been created in the reaction of some social facts; they always have been late on the sociological and technical...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. International rules.. Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.. Berne Convention and the WIPO.. UCC and TRIPS.. American authors right and notion of copyright.. Copyright.. Complementary rights.. Last cases law.. British rights.. European...»

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The class action lawsuits

Document abstract : «We read about class actions almost everyday in the newspapers. The idea to gather together in order to sue big companies such as tobacco or food companies originates from the United States; however, as these lawsuits are increasingly successful, the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Meaning of class action.. The consequences of the development of class actions on the western countries legal systems.. Critics.. The billionaire American lawyers.. Are class actions coming to France?. The example of the 'big fat'...»

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Controversy around memorial laws

Document abstract : «A controversy recently arose in France in which historians played a significant role. This controversy involves a number of actors: The French government, which passed the so-called "memorial laws"; the interest groups that lobbied the Parliament to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. An account of the controversy.. Passing of the law by the French on february 23rd 2005.. Petre-Grenouilleau's three arguements.. Passing of the Gayssot Law in the year 1990.. The petition 'Liberty for History'.. Analysis.. Drawing...»

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Legitimacy & efficiency inside the Security Council

Document abstract : «When the idea of a potential world organization first emerged in 1943, arbitration was soon to be made between maintaining effective power within the scope of a few powers, and the necessity to gain the support from small and medium States. The only...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Legitimacy and efficiency: Interconnected challenging notions that questioning the security council's authority.. Theoretical apprehension of legitimacy enhances the multifaceted aspect of this subjective concept.. Authority of...»

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Hissène Habré's case: Origins and current debate

Document abstract : «In February 2003, the Darfur conflict, an ethnic clash in western Sudan, began and, in March 2004, Mukesh Kapila, called it the "world's greatest humanitarian crisis". Thus, in January 2005, the UN Secretary-General's Commission of Inquiry on Darfur...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A current situation conditioned by several historical phenomena.. The role of the conditions of the rise of Hissene Habre to power.. A socio-political context favouring the use of violence in Chad.. A desire for justice: From a local...»

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The concept of non-resident on international laws

Document abstract : «The tax situation of each person is defined in relation to his domicile tax. According to Article 1 of the law of 29 December 1976 applicable for the first time to the income for the year 1977 and codified in section 4A of the GTC, "people who have...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The tax status of non- resident persons in France receiving income from a French source.. The determination of income from French source.. The incidence of tax treaties.. The principles of determining the tax base.. The specificity of...»

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Consider the extent to which international law is law, or 'really law' or 'law properly so-called' with reference to legal and other theorists

Document abstract : «Charlotte Ku and Paul F. Diehl noticed that at first sight, 'International' and 'Law' sound contradictory: "how can one imagine a structured and developed legal system functioning in a political environment that is diffused, disparated, unregulated...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Positivist views on international law.. The rise and fall of the predominant paradigm.. From Bentham's introduction to the principles of morals and legislation to H.L.A. Hart's the concept of law.. Consequences of modernity on...»

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The Development of the Welfare state and the National Health Service in Britain

Document abstract : «The Poor Law of 1601 was introduced as a response by the Government to rising levels of concern over how 'the poor' should be supported. As a result of several poor harvests, and soldiers returning from war there was increased vagrancy, which...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601.. The Poor Law Amendment Act (1834).. Analyzing and evaluating the changes to both the welfare state and the National Health Service.. The welfare State in Britain.. The introduction of the NHS.. A...»

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Law of copyright with amendments and case studies showing infringement

Document abstract : «The first copyright act in India was passed in 1914. It was a replica of the English copyright act of 1911. The act, presently in use was legislated in the year 1957 and is known as copyright act of 1957 and was amended with the copyright act of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Copyright Act 1957.. Indian copyright law.. What copyright protects?. Works in which copyrights subsists.. Illustrations of copyrights in literary work.. Copyright of dramatic works.. Copyrights of musical works.. Copyrights of artistic...»

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Cyber law in India

Document abstract : «Since the beginning of civilization, man has constantly adapted himself to the changing circumstances and scenarios to usher in new eras of development and progress. Every stage in human history has been important in its own way. However, if today...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Internet.. Cyber space.. Information Technology Act 2000.. Why cyber-laws In India.. Cyber crimes.. Cyber crime against a 'Person'. Cyber crimes against property.. Cyber crime against the government.. Laws on cyber crimes...»

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The Information Technology Act 2000

Document abstract : «Connectivity via the Internet has greatly reduced geographical distances and made communication even more rapid. While activities in this limitless new universe are increasing incessantly, laws must be formulated to monitor these activities. Some...»

Synopsis abstract : «Executive summary.. Introduction.. Some of the peculiar features of the cyber world.. Highlights of the Information Technology Act 2000.. Exemption/Exclusion.. Formation of online contracts.. The provisions of the Information Technology Act...»

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Consumer Protection Act of India: When the consumer is a king

Document abstract : «A consumer is a user of goods and services. Any person paying for goods and services which he uses is entitled to expect that the goods and services are of a nature and quality promised to him by the seller. The earlier principle of "Caveat...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction to the act.. Who is a consumer and who is not?. Important definitions.. Rights of consumer.. Redressal machinery under the act.. Consumer disputes redressal agencies.. Consumer protection council.. Complaints.. Who can file a...»

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The defense of provocation: The implications of the House of Lords' decision in Morgan Smith [2000] 3 WLR 654

Document abstract : «The defense of provocation is a partial defense, pertinent only to murder. If successfully pleaded, liability is reduced to manslaughter. For the defense to succeed there are three requirements: (i) There must have been some act(s) or word(s) of...»

Synopsis abstract : «...»

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Discussing and analyzing Restorative Justice: Victims' rights and the future

Document abstract : «Restorative justice has become mainstream following the establishment of youth offender panels last year under the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. It is no longer just another possible option available in some places at various points...»

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Violence against women

Document abstract : «Despite the fact that women are much more likely to be killed then to kill, women charged with the murder of their violent male partners are further victimized by a legal system that has been constructed, interpreted and implemented to fit men's...»

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Brown v Mississippi

Document abstract : «Friday March 30th, 1934. A sixty-year old White planter from the Giles community in Mississippi, Raymond Stewart, was found mutilated at approximately 1 o'clock that day, in his house. The police had discovered his body, and requested a physician...»

Synopsis abstract : «...»

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Formalizing plea bargaining in justice and equality in the English legal system

Document abstract : «Before discussing plea bargaining it is perhaps paramount to define what is meant by the expression. Plea bargaining refers to 'the exchange of a guilty plea for a reduced charge or some hope of a reduced sentence.' In other words it is an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Background. The practice of plea bargaining in England. American courts vs the English legal system. The report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice . The key proposals . The Governmentas failure to follow the recommendations...»

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A critical discussion and analysis of ‘The Rule of Law’

Document abstract : «Central to the general idea of the Rule of Law is the specific intention that it involves the rule of the law rather than the rule of the people. Judges hold a position of central importance in the relation to the concept of the Rule of Law. They...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Packer contrasts this with the Due Process model. The crux of the prosecutions case . The prosecution barrister, William Boyce QC . The David Shayler case vs. the Burrell trial. The public had a right to know about certain actions of...»

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A paper concerning assessing the value of legal Tribunals

Document abstract : «It has become the case that over the course of the 20th century an ever-increasing number of tribunals have come into existence alongside the ordinary civil courts, dealing with a wide variety of disputes, usually between the citizen and the state....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The history of tribunals . An alternative to the court system . Administrative tribunals established by statute . Employment tribunals . Two basic principles of natural justice . Sir Andrew Leggatt's appointment by the Lord Chancellor...»

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A discussion concerning the belief that ‘Judges do not make law – they only declare it’

Document abstract : «The function of a judge in any legal system remains a true phenomenon even today. Barristers, solicitors, law students and the general public often question the precise role of a judge – puzzled over whether judges are authoritarian...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Function of a judge in a legal system. Theories on the role of a judge. Some case studies. Conclusion....»

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Death penalty administration: Racially biased?

Document abstract : «More than 350 people have been executed in the USA since 1990. The U.S.A. has the highest known death row population on earth at over 3, 300. In 1997 the USA carried out 74 executions--the highest number for the last four decades. Only China, Saudi...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Capital punishment: The most extreme penalty for a crime. The death penalty as a fixture . Blacks in Philadelphia . Earlier studies by Congress' General Accounting Office. 1977 to 1993: A million Americans were murdered. The Racial...»

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Patrice Lumumba: American foreign policy and cover-ups

Document abstract : «Historically, the foreign policy of the United States has been such that one event has integrated itself into effecting the majority of events to follow. The case of the United States foreign policy in the Congo and, specifically, the assassination...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The history of the Congo. Understanding the implications. The history and rise to power of Patrice Lumumba. The assassination of Patrice Lumumba . Circumstances that led up to Patrice Lumumba's assassination . President Kasavubu's...»

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Fair labor

Document abstract : «"A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty."1 When considered in the context of globalization and modern capitalism, Churchill's words are oddly disturbing. As the global population...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A typical consumer. Minimize labor costs by 'playing the market'. Fair Indigo and the principle of 'fair labor'. Fair Indigo's abidance by all national laws . Criticizm for not being organic. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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Hair and fiber evidence

Document abstract : «Most trace evidence found at a crime undergoes forensic analysis for two main purposes: identification and comparison. Often tiny strange particles are found, and testing for identification purposes establishes exactly what the material is....»

Synopsis abstract : «Hair and fiber . Analyzing hair evidence. The value of comparing hair evidence. Collecting and preserving hair evidence. Analyzing fiber evidence. Collecting and preserving fiber evidence. References....»

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International criminal courts: An historical and sociological overview of supranational criminal justice

Document abstract : «The notion of individual criminal responsibility under international law is a recent phenomenon. Many different mechanisms have been employed including domestic courts, the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as ad hoc UN tribunals and new...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. History: ?The Road to Rome?. Sociology and criminal courts . Applying the Functionalist Theory to international courts . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Theory and practice: Civil disobedience and the Pursuit of Justice

Document abstract : «In the Crito, Socrates makes an argument against the notion of breaking the laws even if they are judged by the public to be unjust. This is because by disobeying the law, one is in effect "attempting to destroy the laws, and indeed the whole...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Socrates in The Apology. Not letting the superfluous points of the law lead one away from its central push. King's letter from Birmingham Jail . Conclusion. Works cited....»

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Information technology related intellectual property rights: Discussed using various case studies

Document abstract : «Ms. Rukmini residing in India has taken photographs of small children as a professional photographer. The photographs are taken on the theme of expression of babies. As is present in India, children are like God and hence it does not matter if the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Problem. Question presented. Can the photographs taken be termed as 'pornographic'?. International perspective on child pornography. Jurisdictional claims of US over India. If the photos were not posted on internet. If the photos were posted on...»

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