Term papers, Case studies, Research papers in medical studies

Reflex Physiology

Document abstract : «A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methods. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The Goodness of Meat

Document abstract : «Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie....»

Synopsis abstract : «Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. The advantages to eating meat are numberless, and the health benefits far out weigh the...»

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Neuropathic Pain

Document abstract : «Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction. It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. Epidemiology. Pathophysiology. Etiology. Associated conditions. Diagnosis. Tests. Treatment. Medication (drugs). Sugery. Conclusion....»

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Narcolepsy

Document abstract : «Disorder of unknown etiology characterized by excessive sleepiness typically associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Commonly misconceived as representing low intelligence...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. Epidemiology. Risk factors. Etiology. Diagnosis. Signs and symptoms. Tests. Differential diagnosis. Treatment. Medication (drugs). Conclusions....»

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Gastritis

Document abstract : «The stomach is a type of storage facility that receives all the things we ingest. Internally, it is lined by the mucosa, a pink layer similar to the one that we have in our mouth. Gastritis is a inflammation of the gastric mucosa, it can have...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Commom causes. Chronic Gastritis. Diagnosis. Treatment. Prevention. Conclusions....»

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Assesment of Normal Pregnancy

Document abstract : «The diagnosis of pregnancy is usually made on the basis of a history of amenorrhea, an enlarging uterus, and a positive pregnancy test. Nausea and breast tenderness are also often present. It may be crucial to diagnose pregnancy before the first...»

Synopsis abstract : «Diagnosis. Symptoms. Signs. Positive Manifestations. Fetal heart tones . Palpation of fetus. X-ray of fetus. Ultrasound examination of fetus. Pregnancy Tests. Biological tests. Immunological tests. Radioimmunoassay for hcg. Radioreceptor assay. Home...»

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Drugs, Cigarette Smoking & Alcohol During Pregnancy

Document abstract : «Teratogenicity has been established for only a few drugs, but many more are still not proved to be safe for use during pregnancy. The physician should have a good reason for prescribing any drug early in pregnancy, or indeed during the last half of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Drugs. Cigarette Smoking. Alcoholic Beverages. Other matters of concern during pregnancy. Bathing. Douching. Immunization. Clothing. Exercise. Employment. Travel. Final Discussion....»

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Prenatal Care

Document abstract : «Prenatal care as we know it today is a relatively new development in medicine. It originated in Boston in the first decade of this century. Before that time, the patient who thought she was pregnant may have visited a physician for confirmation but...»

Synopsis abstract : «The purpose of prenatal care is to ensure, as much as possible, an uncomplicated pregnancy and the delivery of a live healthy infant. This is the ideal time to stress the dangers of cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use, and exposure to...»

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Normal Pregnancy

Document abstract : «Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus. For...»

Synopsis abstract : «Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. Gestational age is expressed in completed weeks. Live Birth. An immature infant weighs 500–1000 g and has completed 20 to less than 28 weeks of...»

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Calculation of Gestational Age and Estimated Date of Confinement

Document abstract : «After the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC). Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Calculation of Gestational Age. Clinical parameters of gestational age. Diagnosis of pregnancy at term. Ultrasonography. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Adenosis

Document abstract : «Adenosis is a term used to describe nonepithelialized columnar glandular epithelium in the vagina. At ~15th week of embryological development, the Mullerian system, which forms the upper 2/3 of the vagina, fuses with the invaginating cloaca, which...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. Epidemiology. Etiology. Diagnosis. Tests. Differential diagnosis. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Vitiligo

Document abstract : «An acquired, slowly progressive depigmenting condition in small or large areas of the skin due to the disappearance of previously active melanocytes Focal (including segmental) vitiligo: 1 to a few scattered macules, occasionally in a dermatomal...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. Alert. Pediatric considerations. Pregnancy considerations. General prevention. Epidemiology. Etiology. Associated conditions. Diagnosis. Tests. Pathological findings. Treatment. Bibliography....»

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Vaginal Bleeding during Pregnancy

Document abstract : «Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy has many causes and ranges in severity from mild (with normal pregnancy outcome) to life threatening for both infant and mother. Bleeding can vary from scant to excessive, from brown to bright red, and can be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. Epidemiology. Risk factors. Etiology. Diagnosis. Tests. Imaging. Differential diagnosis. Treatment. Medication (drugs). Surgery. Complications. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Vertigo

Document abstract : «Sensation of movement when no movement is actually occurring. Results from peripheral or central causes or, in some instances, may be induced by medications or anxiety disorders. Patients who are elderly and have risk factors for cerebrovascular...»

Synopsis abstract : «Description. General prevention. Risk factors. Pathophysiology. Diagnosis. History. Tests. Differential diagnosis. General measures. Special therapy. Medication (drugs). Alert. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Pulmonary Hypertension

Document abstract : «It occurs when the blood pressure abnormally raises in the arteries that take the blood from the heart to the lungs. This pressure is not the same one that is measured in the medical doctor's office. When the cause of this illness is pulmonary...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Signs and symptons. Diagnosis. Treatment. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Glacoma

Document abstract : «Glaucoma is an alteration where the pressure of the liquid that fills the ocular globe abnormally increases, beyond the eye can tolerate. When this pressure, called intra-ocular tension, is bigger than the normal one, the risk of damages to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Description of glaucoma . How it affects. People who are at greater risk from glaucoma. Treatment . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Uterine Myoma

Document abstract : «When numerous large tumors (especially intraligamentary mommas) are found, total abdominal hysterectomy is indicated. If the ovaries are diseased or if their blood supply has been destroyed, oophorectomy is necessary; otherwise, the ovaries should...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Types of mommas . The 'subserous'. The 'intramurals'. The 'sub mucous'. Importance of mommas in the public health. Symptoms. Treatment. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Management and Prognosis of Heart Failure

Document abstract : «The cardinal manifestations of heart failure are (1) dyspnea and fatigue, which may limit exercise tolerance, and (2) fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary and peripheral edema. Both abnormalities can impair the functional capacity and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Approaching a patient with heart failure. Prevention of heart failure. Outpatient treatment of heart failure. The concomitant use of quinidine, verapamil, spironolactone, flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone...»

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Glucocorticosteroids in Relation to Inflammatory Disease

Document abstract : «For more than 50 years, glucocorticosteroids have been important agents in treating diseases characterized by inflammation and exaggerated immune responses. The pioneering work of Hench and colleagues in rheumatoid arthritis showed the possible...»

Synopsis abstract : «Pharmacology. Mechanisms of action. Clinical use of glucocorticisteroids. General principles of therapy. Systemic Glucocorticosteroid therapy. Alteration to oral therapy. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Applications of Statistics in the Medical Area

Document abstract : «The sound practice of medicine requires the ability to use scientific evidence that is based on data and is published in the peer-reviewed medical literature. In this literature, investigators publish their findings using descriptive statistics to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Descriptive statistics. Hypothesis testing. Tests of statistical significance. Multivariable methods. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Applications and Limitations of Diagnostic Imaging

Document abstract : «The traditional evaluation of the patient includes the history and physical examination and a well-planned set of diagnostic tests, often including imaging. Dramatic advances in imaging not only supplement the physical examination, but also now may...»

Synopsis abstract : «Radiographic techniques. Ultrasound. Computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging. Nuclear imaging and positron emission tomography. Angiography and interventional radiology. Principles of ordering imaging tests. Screening. Hematuria with flank...»

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Social and Economic Issues in Medicine

Document abstract : «Medicine is practiced in a social, economic, and political context. It takes more than excellent medical care to improve the health of patients because many of the determinants of the health of individuals and populations lie outside traditional...»

Synopsis abstract : «Social issues. Socioeconomic status. The relationship of mortality with socioeconomic status . Value of the information. Economic issues in medical care delivery. An increasingly sophisticated public. A public backlash against the perceived...»

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Physical Activity

Document abstract : «Regular physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. In the 1980s and 1990s, a large body of epidemiologic and clinical evidence linked regular physical activity with a variety of health benefits. Although the strength of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definitions. Epidemiology. Health benefits of physical sctivity. Coronary heart disease. Weight control. Diabetes. Osteoporosis. Health risks. Medical evaluation. Assessment and counseling. Recommendations . Bibliography....»

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Principles of Drug Therapy

Document abstract : «It is generally appreciated that under different conditions a drug may produce diverse effects, ranging from none to a desirable effect or, in other cases, an undesirable, toxic effect. Physicians must learn how to individualize the drug dosage...»

Synopsis abstract : «Pharmacokinetic principles. Absorption. First-pass effect. Bioavailability. Distribution. Volume of distribution. Elimination. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Aging

Document abstract : «The process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes. These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older...»

Synopsis abstract : «Overview. Mental status examination. Functional assessment. Adverse drug events in the elderly. Drugs with psychoactive effects. Principles of drug therapy in the elderly. Recommendations. Bibliography....»

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Chronic Poisoning

Document abstract : «The chemical environment was recognized as a threat to health early in history. Well-documented outbreaks of occupational mercury and lead "poisonings" had been recorded and preventive measures implemented by 200 BC. In the Middle Ages,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definition. Etiology. Lead. Etiology. Clinical Manifestations. Diagnosis. Treatment. Mercury. Etiology. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment. Arsenic. Etiology. Clinical Manifestations. Arsenic...»

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Drug Allergy

Document abstract : «The designation drug allergy should be reserved for adverse drug reactions caused by immunologic mechanisms. Although drug allergies are responsible for only a few adverse drug effects, the possibility of such reactions is a daily concern of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Epidemiology and etiology. Pathogenic mechanisms. Classification. Diagnosis. Treatment. Recommendations. Bibliography....»

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Common Clinical Sequelae of Aging

Document abstract : «Increased longevity throughout the world is influencing medical care dramatically as more older individuals develop or survive with various medical conditions. Although some elderly present typically with single-system disease, they often have...»

Synopsis abstract : «Epidemiology and Pathobiology of Aging. Spectrum of changes produced by the aging process. Effects of Aging on Specific Organs and Systems. Age related gastroenterogic syndromes. Age-related renal and urinary tract syndromes. Endocrine...»

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The Evaluation and Follow-Up of a Heart Failure Patient

Document abstract : «An extensive battery of laboratory tests is not required for most patients with heart failure. Routine testing should include a complete blood cell count (to detect anemia and systemic diseases with hematologic manifestations), measurement of renal...»

Synopsis abstract : «Routine diagnostic assessment. Assesment of left ventricular function. Additional diagnostic evaluation. Myocardial biopsy. Assessment of exercise capacity. Follow up evaluation. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Evaluation of a Patient with Possible Heart Failure

Document abstract : «The common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. The symptoms generally reflect, but may be dissociated from, the hemodynamic derangements of elevated left-sided and right-sided...»

Synopsis abstract : «Symptoms of heart failure. Dyspnea. Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Acute pulmonary edema. Exercise intolerance. Edema and fluid retention. Abdominal and gastrointestinal symptoms. Sleep disorders and central nervous system...»

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Clinical Presentation of Heart Failure

Document abstract : «Acute heart failure usually presents as shortness of breath, culminating, sometimes in a matter of minutes, with pulmonary edema. A more subacute presentation is of progressive dyspnea associated with systemic fluid retention over days to a few...»

Synopsis abstract : «Acute Heart Failure. Chronic Heart Failure. Heart failure with preserved systolic function. Factors precipitating acute decompensation of chronic heart failure. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Heart Failure Syndrome

Document abstract : «Chronic heart failure is a multifaceted syndrome with diverse presentations. The initial manifestations of hemodynamic dysfunction are a reduction in stroke volume and a rise in ventricular filling pressures, perhaps in the basal state but...»

Synopsis abstract : «Neurohumoral responses. Altered renal physiology. Left ventricular remodeling and progression of heart failure. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis

Document abstract : «Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally...»

Synopsis abstract : «Heart failure. Epidemiology. Etiology and prevention. Pathogenesis. Differing mechanisms of heart failure. Abnormalities of cardiac function: Systoloc function. Diastolic function. Ventricular preload. Ventricular afterload. Heart rate and...»

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Principles of Electrophysiology

Document abstract : «The function of the human heart requires rhythmic beatings occurring on the average 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, for 80 or more years. The close to 3 billion contractions of the cardiac musculature that must occur without fail are coordinated...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Cardiac electrophysiology. Mechanisms of cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Mechanism of Bradyarrhythmias. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Catheterization and Angiography

Document abstract : «A significant reduction in coronary flow reserve is present when the ratio of flow at rest to flow after vasodilation is less than 2 : 1. Measurement of the pressure gradient across a stenosis using a small wire transducer also can assess functional...»

Synopsis abstract : «Indications. Contraindications and Risks. Technique. Hemodynamic Assessment. Cardiac output. Valve areas and resistance. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonace Imaging

Document abstract : «More than any other imaging technique, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers the potential for dramatically changing current imaging strategies for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The combined...»

Synopsis abstract : «Thoracic aorta and great vessels. Cardiac tumors and masses. Pericardium and pericardial effusions. Congenital heart disease. Quantitative assessment of ventricular volumes and mass. Cardiomyopathies. Coronary artery disease. Special considerations...»

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Gene Therapy

Document abstract : «Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment whereby sequences of nucleic acids (i.e., genes) are delivered to cells to change their biologic function. The concept initially arose as replacement therapy for monogenic inherited disorders. For...»

Synopsis abstract : «The concept of gene therapy. The clinical spectrum. Gene delivery strategies. The delivery vector. Retroviral vectors. Adenoviral vectors. Adeno associated virus. Selected disease applications. Cystic fibrosis. Hemophilia. Myocardial and peripheral...»

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Drug Abuse Of Cocaine and Other Psychostimulants

Document abstract : «Cocaine, an alkaloid extracted from coca leaves, and other psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine) rapidly increase the concentration of several neurotransmitters in synaptic junctions and stimulate the sympathetic and central nervous...»

Synopsis abstract : «Classification. History. Epidemiology. Biomolecular mechanisms of action. Clinical pharmacology. Clinical manifestations. Recommendations. Bibliography....»

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Drug Abuse of Heroin and Other Opioids

Document abstract : «Opioids, including naturally occurring alkaloids (opiates derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum), semisynthetic compounds (chemically altered alkaloids), and synthetic agents, are potent analgesics and produce an intense euphoria...»

Synopsis abstract : «Classification. History. Epidemiology. Biomolecular mechanisms of action. Clinical pharmacology. Clinical complications. Recommendations. Bibliography....»

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Electrocardiography

Document abstract : «The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical potentials produced by cardiac tissue. Formation of electrical impulses occurs within the conduction system of the heart. When excited, or depolarized, atrial and ventricular myocardial...»

Synopsis abstract : «Lead systems. Cardiac vector. Monitor leads. Cellular electrophysiology of the heart. Cell depolarization and repolarization. Normal electrocardiogram. Normal segments and junctions. Conclusions. Bibliography....»

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Radiology of the Heart

Document abstract : «The heart casts a homogeneous shadow on the chest film. No internal detail can be seen within its contours because the radiodensities of blood, myocardium, and other cardiac tissues are so similar that one cannot be distinguished from the others....»

Synopsis abstract : «Radiologic Anatomy. Heart Size. Chamber Enlargement. Left atrium. Left ventricle. Right atrium. Right ventricle. Calcification. Pulmonary Vasculature. Pulmonary edema. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Conclusi...»

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Cardiac Function and Circulatory Control

Document abstract : «The heart is a muscular pump connected to the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems. Working together, the job of the heart and vasculature is to maintain adequate circulation of blood to the organs at rest and during periods of exercise. To...»

Synopsis abstract : «Anatomy of the Heart. Cardiac Muscle Physiology. Excitation-contraction coupling. Force-length relations. From muscle to chamber. The cardiac cycle. Determinants of cardiac performance. Determination of myocardial oxygen consumption and energy...»

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Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Document abstract : «The techniques of nuclear cardiology permit the noninvasive imaging of myocardial perfusion under stress and resting conditions and of resting regional and global function using radionuclide imaging agents and gamma or positron cameras with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Nuclear cardiology. Imaging agents. Detection of coronary heart disease. Pharmacologic stress imaging. Assessment of prognosis. Determination of myocardial viability with single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission...»

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Epidemiology of Cardiovacular Disease

Document abstract : «The three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis also can be found in other arterial beds, especially the renal...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Importance of cardiovascular disease. Disease impact. Secular trends. Economic impact. Risk Factors for cardiovascular disease. Unmodifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dyslipidemia. Hypertension. Physical...»

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Principales of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Document abstract : «In their work, people can be exposed to dangerous chemicals, hazardous physical agents, emotional stress, and trauma. Any of these occupational exposures can cause disease-sometimes immediately and sometimes after an interval of years or...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Occupational and environmental exposures: A range of illnesses. Occupational and environmental diseases are underdiagnosed. Workers often not given the names of the materials with which they worked. Occupational and environmental...»

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Drug Abuse Treatment and Relapse Prevention

Document abstract : «Patients who use illicit drugs benefit from treatment if they recognize that their substance use is a problem. The transtheoretical model considers a patient on a continuum from precontemplation (denial) toward maintenance...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The major goals of drug abuse treatment. The active ingredients of brief intervention . Pharmacologic treatment of opioid abuse . Prevention of a relapse . The treatment and prevention of drug abuse . Conclu...»

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Document abstract : «Despite dramatic advances in medical science and evidence-based practice, many people turn to other healing approaches, some derived from ancient medical traditions and others from new-age concepts. Although extraordinarily diverse in their...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definitions and disciplines. Alternative medical systems. Biologically based therapies. Manipulative and body based methods. Mind body interventions. Energy therapies. Appeal and use of complementary and alternative medicine. Clinical...»

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Tobacco and Health

Document abstract : «Currently, about 46 million individuals in the United States are cigarette smokers, including 26% of men and 22% of women. People who are less well educated and/or have unskilled occupations are more likely to smoke. Smoking is responsible for...»

Synopsis abstract : «Epidemiology. Harmful Constituents of Tobacco. Tobacco Addiction. Tobacco-Related Diseases. Cancer. Cardiovascular disease. Pulmonary disease. Other complications. Health Hazards of Smokeless Tobacco. Second Hand Smoke. Benefits of...»

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Ionizing Radiation Injury

Document abstract : «Ionizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons, a-particles). The injuries caused by ionizing radiation include mutagenic, carcinogenic,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Ionizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles . Etiology. Incidence, Prevalence, and Epidemiology. Pathogenesis. Clinical Manifestations. Skin. Bone marrow and lymphoid...»

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Inborn errors of metabolism

Document abstract : «Metabolism is a collective term for integrated biochemical processes of the intact organism, differentiated organ, cell, and subcellular organelle. Normal metabolism enables homeostasis for the organism by maintaining anabolic and catabolic flow...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction and background. Naturally occurring mutations . The severity of an inborn error of metabolism . Direct evidence for the genetic control of intestinal glucose transport . Treatment of inherited dise...»

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Biology of Ageing

Document abstract : «It is useful to think of organisms as protein-synthesizing factories. If that factory is to function at very high levels of efficiency and stability for very long periods of time, the builder should start with an excellent set of blueprints (hence...»

Synopsis abstract : «The life course approach to the understanding of aging. The evolutionary biological theory of aging: A satisfactory explanation for why we age. Classes of gene action that escape the force of natural selection. Environmentally triggered diapause and...»

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Urinary Incontinence

Document abstract : «Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary loss of urine of sufficient severity to be a health and/or social problem. Although it is commonly hidden and not discussed with health professionals, urinary incontinence is a prevalent, morbid, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definition and scope of the problem. Pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations. Diagnosis. Treatment. Recommendations. Bibliography....»

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Violence and Injury

Document abstract : «Serious violence and injury have life-altering consequences for victims and their families that often cannot be reversed. Prevention and treatment must be priorities. Violence in the United States is a public health epidemic that is caused by...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definitions. Epidemiology. Secular Trends in Injuries. Ways to Reduce Injury. Implications for Medical Practice. Recommendations. Bilbiography....»

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Gonococcal Infections

Document abstract : «Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection of epithelium and commonly manifests as cervicitis, urethritis, proctitis, and conjunctivitis. If untreated, infections at these sites can lead to local complications such as endometritis, salpingitis,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Definition. Epidemiology. Pathogenesis, immunology and antimcrobial resistance. Clinical manifestations. Gonococcal Infections in Females. Laboratory diagnosis. Ttreatment. Recommendations....»

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