Term papers, Essays and Summaries in History 1789 to present

The contribution of the Salon and the Masonic Lodge to the circulation of enlightened ideas in eighteenth-century Europe

Document abstract : «The Masonic Lodge embodied the new type of private societies with public effects that developed remarkably over the eighteenth century in Europe. On the contrary, the Salon, as an official exhibition of paintings, was the representation of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The extent to which the Masonic Lodge and the Salon contributed to the circulation of enlightened ideas across Europe.. The Salon and the Lodge's promotion significantly the Enlightenment across Europe.. The Masonic Lodge and the...»

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Bulgarian, Romanian and Hungarian involvement in the Second World War

Document abstract : «The Second World War is commonly misconstrued as an ongoing altercation perpetrated by the singular vision of a power-hungry maniac. Yet to assign accountability to Hitler himself is to ignore the conspiratorial actions of the Nazi's minor allies,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Role of Nazi's in the 2nd world war. Bulgaria as a part of Axis Powers in 1941. Role of Germany. Role of Romanian-Hungarian animosities in undermining the alliance with Germany. Conclusion. Bibliograph...»

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Compare and contrast the causes and nature of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions

Document abstract : «"Every social group, every nationality, every region, every town, every village, had its own revolution", wrote Christopher Read and indeed, 1917 proved to be for Russia a year of turmoil and change. Traditionally, however, 1917 is known as a year...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The two revolutions of radically different nature.. Role of Bolsheviks: From a surprise to full implication.. Scale and spontaneity: From overthrow of a government to people's revolutions.. Casuality.. Power vacuum: Collapse of inner...»

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What were the major impacts of World War One on British society?

Document abstract : «One could argue that World War One did not have a huge impact on British society compared to the Second World War. However, the conflict was soon called the 'Great War' in Britain, and it was the first time that the whole society was involved in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Great War and British politics. . The political landscape dominated by two main parties.. 1915 - entry of Conservative and Labour politicians.. Impact on the Conservatives. . The advantage of the coalition government.. The...»

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The treaty of Versailles

Document abstract : «World War I (1914-1918) left the European continent completely devastated (especially France and Belgium). Human and material losses were massive. Indeed, about 10 million lives had been lost during the war. In order to prevent this nightmare from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Context.. Drawing the treaty presented a number of complications.. The confusing situation in Europe.. Terms.. Territorial clauses.. Military clauses.. Economic and financial clauses.. Political and judicial clauses.. Effects of the...»

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Theory and action: Amilcar Cabral's revolution

Document abstract : «Amilcar Cabral lived as both an intellectual who derived theories of political economy and as an activist dedicated to the unification of a nationalist movement in Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea Bissau). This balance between theoretician and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Aspects of Cabral's childhood . His liberation theory . His analysis of the agricultural economy. The cornerstone of Cabral's revolutionary theory . Elements of national liberation . A significant turning point in the strategy of the...»

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Neocolonialism and dependency in Latin America

Document abstract : «Latin American history is the story of on-and-off again exploitation; from being a colonial possession to a neo-colonial inferior. There have been very few periods in time that the continent has been able to develop without interference. By...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The rise of neo-colonialism in Latin America. Nationalist rhetoric promising land reforms and equality . The new nationalist governments in power . US Latin American relations . The exploitation by the US in Latin America. The...»

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The impact of the French Revolution (1789-1815) on social structure, legal system and political life and institutions during the nineteenth century in France

Document abstract : «Some events stamp on the history of mankind forever : the French Revolution is definitely one of these. Indeed, really few upheavals such as this one triggered so many thoughts, comments and passionate reactions all over the world. Although lot of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Strong intensity of the changes triggered by the French Revolution. The main achievements of the French Revolution . The question of gender during the nineteenth century . The legal system of the old regime . Declaration of the Rights...»

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Abraham Lincoln

Document abstract : «Abraham Lincoln is considered to be one of the greatest American presidents who expressed himself as not simply a forceful war while demonstrating the vast power inherent in the presidency, but as a dictator, albeit in many accounts a benevolent and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Abraham Lincoln's gradual adoption slave emancipation.. Result of Lincoln's policy.. The Lincoln administrations emphasis that the American conflict that caused the Civil War did not stem from slavery.. Lincoln's personal attitude...»

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The Australian ANZAC Legend

Document abstract : «"The search for national character is one of the obsessive dead ends of Australian history (Alistair, 1997)". Australians spent time searching for their national identity in the years following the 1901 Federation. The Great War posed exactly the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. ANZAC: An acronym for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps. Journalist C.E.W. Bean: An essential element in the importance of Gallipoli . Australia thinking of Great Britain as their powerful ally. Conclusi...»

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Tension Through Melodies: Music of the Cold War

Document abstract : «Music serves as a reflection of a society. When a society is prospering, the music is noticeably happier, such as the Big Band phenomenon in the roaring 20's. The same principle applies to a society going through rough times, such as jazz during...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. His recital of the history of the Cold War. Songs written during the uncertain times of the Cold War . 99 Red Balloons by Nena . Conclusion....»

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The Role of ETA in the Basque Nationalist Movement and its Consequences

Document abstract : «Following the recent ceasefire declared by ETA on 22nd March of this year (2006), never has it been more appropriate to look further into what the American Government has classified as one of the best-organised terrorist organisations in the world. ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introdction. The struggle for an autonomous Euskadi.. Interpreting ETA as an extreme interpretation of Aranismo . The decision that a socialist government was a utopian idea . The governments failure to grant self-determination to the Basques...»

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The Cold War: A Change in Policy

Document abstract : «After the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, two super powers remained in the world: the United States and the Soviet Union. These two nations had very different views about the world and their political regimes were polar opposites. During...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The end of the Second World War. The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. President Eisenhower's actions towards another Third World country . The threat of a communist takeover . The war in Vietnam. Conclusion....»

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Ecuadorian Immigration to the NY-Metro Area in the 1970s-80s

Document abstract : «America has (nearly) always been the destination of choice for the world's migrants. Spanning an entire continent, the country has historically offered land, jobs, and tolerance to those who seek them. For South Americans especially, the United...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Bearing the brunt of the costs of political and economic reform. Ecuadorians at the time . Gladys's daughter's experience . Conclusion. Works cited....»

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What were the central features of Stalinism in Eastern Europe?

Document abstract : «The term "Stalinism" refers to the brutal dictatorship which lasted from 1927 to 1953 in Russia and Eastern European countries. Although he was the leader of Soviet Russia, after the Second World War Stalin soon became the dictator of a Soviet...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The basis of Stalin's ideology . The political system under Stalin. Support for the system. The industrial proletariat supporting Communist rule. The major aspects of the Stalinist political program. Economic reform and a...»

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Rushdie: A Bend in Indian History

Document abstract : «Salman Rushdie has been in hiding for over a decade due to assassins who are out searching for him because of his "anti-Islamic blasphemy, belief and disbelief, anti-Thatcher politics, and pro-Western propaganda" (Kuortti 1999: 15). Even though...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Salman Rushdie writes: Midnight's Children in the form of magical realism. The idea that India's history was not 'real' until after the British Raj ended. A historically magical place because that is how it has been perceived by...»

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Fidel Castro

Document abstract : «Fidel Castro came into power in Cuba on January 1, 1959. He obtained power through a 25-month revolution. Despite the use of guerilla warfare, the revolution was fairly bloodless. By this time Castro was a beloved figure in Cuba, regarded as a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Reactions towards Castro by the people of Cuba. The move to Communism. Government policies in order to combat the disinterest of the Cuban workers. Rule of Castro: Paradoxical and ironic. References....»

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A review of Legacy of silence: Encounters with children of the Third Reich

Document abstract : «Silence has always been a persistent theme in Holocaust studies. How did so many people remain silent as millions of their neighbors were taken off and killed? Why did so few people resist, and why did so many otherwise rational people blindly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The life of Hilda . The family of Hilda. Her responsibility during the war. The life of Gerda. Her fathers position on the final solution. Gerda's mother. The life of Renate . Renate's family . The life of Monika . Being an ilegitimate...»

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The aftermath of the demolition of the Berlin Wall

Document abstract : «When the Berlin Wall came down in 1990 the people of Germany experienced a sense of euphoria and freedom which they had been dreaming about for years. Unfortunately their thrill with life was short-lived. It wasn't long before people began to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The region of Alsace Lorraine . The fight between France and Germany . East Germany's dilemma. The lacking sense of identity. The situation of Germany. France. The most sophisticated countries in the world. Making fun of the ability of...»

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Assessment of British radicalism during the period 1784 to 1815

Document abstract : «The assertion that the radical movement was never anything more than a "marginal phenomenon in a broadly reforming polity" is certainly bold; it is easy enough to pick holes in such statements when they are removed from their context and surrounding...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Efforts to avoid pedantry. Organic parliamentary and religious reform . The radical movement and the reforming element in the revolution. The relationship between 'the polity' and the radicals after 1789. The Radical Movement as the...»

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Suburbia: Yesterday and today

Document abstract : «As defined in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, a suburb is "1 a: an outlying part of a city or town, b: a smaller community adjacent to or within commuting distance of a city, c pl: the residential area on the outskirts of a city or large...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The need for affordable and adequate housing . The famous town of Levittown. The Levittown communities . The reality: Past and present. The suburbs: Cultural deserts. The advent of the automobiles....»

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Reporting the war: Perspectives on the enemy

Document abstract : «War correspondents' writings on the Second World War offer a contemporary perspective to the fighting, the events, and the experience of individuals engaged in the 1939-1945 conflict. From the Front, wire dispatches, radio broadcast, photography,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The characterization of Germans. Ernie Pyle's impressions. The German Luftwaffe . Compositions of Fighting Ships . The needs of Allied propaganda . Analysis of Grossman's writings . Aftermath of the war. Ancient Rome's...»

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Hitler's holocaust: Understanding the politics and society of Hitler's Germany

Document abstract : «Certainly one of the greatest tragedies of human history, much has been done to uncover the complexity of the Holocaust. While many facts remain clear within a historical context, countless others involve the intricacy of the human psyche and must...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Jewish Nationalism. Hitler's rise to power. The uniqueness of Hitler's anti-semitic ideology. Techniques for integrating their radical ideology into society. Pre-existing facets of anti-semitism . Conclusion. Works cited....»

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The fall of the Soviet Empire: Hungary 1956 and Czechoslovakia 1968

Document abstract : «The two rebellions in Hungary 1956 and Czechoslovakia 1968 were interesting times for Eastern and Central Europe. To being to study these, one must put these two events in context. It was a time when the political climate in Easter Europe was very...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The economy in Eastern Europe . The situation in Hungary. The Warsaw Pact . The immediate effect of the Hungarian revolution . The crisis in Czechoslovakia . The downfall of the Soviet Union . Conclusion. Bib...»

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A thorn beneath the shining armor: Churchill, Bishop Bell, and area bombing

Document abstract : «No one cares to challenge the idea that Hitler needed to be stopped. I cannot think of a cow more sacred in the common mind-as I have known the common mind-than the righteousness of World War II. The enemy of the Allies was so ghastly, that even...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The gradual descent of bomber command. International law and violation by parties. The rationale for area bombing. Geoffrey Best's and his views on deceitfulness of the rationale. The preacher against the Crusade. Conclusion. Works...»

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The complexities surrounding the use of atomic bombs against Japan: Einstein's Folly

Document abstract : «During the 1880's, at Cambridge University, J.J. Thompson, the director of the Cavendish Library and a respected physicist, became the first to discover that atoms had sub atomic particles. In 1896, Antione Becquerel, with the assistance of Marie...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Ernest Rutherford. Adolf Hitler's signs of loose inhibitions. Establishing the Uranium Committee. Truman's grand entrance. Fateful days. To bomb or not to bomb? . A reflection on right and wrong. Conclusion....»

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The American West: A clash of social, cultural, and environmental forces

Document abstract : «The character of America was largely shaped by the American experience in the West from the early 1700s until the present day. Although the values of freedom and equality under the law had been established in the East during the colonial and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The American concept of manifest destiny . Principles of manifest destiny . The relocation of Native Americans . The treatment of the Native Americans . The clash between tradition legal system and basic individualistic laws. The most...»

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The destruction of Ancient Egyptian antiquity

Document abstract : «The chapter "The Destruction of the Pharaohs" discusses how much of the heritage of the pharaohs was destroyed by tomb robbers and casual tourism. As the pharaohs were laid in their tombs with considerable wealth, the first tomb robbers were...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction . The attempts to bring the head depicting Ramesses II back to Europe. Belzoni's experiences . Major events and players who have shaped the face of Egyptology. Fagan's argument . Conclusion. Works cited....»

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American history: A chart on the causes and effects of the revolutionary war

Document abstract : «Throughout the mid-1700's resistance to British control in the colonies grew as Britain tried to consolidate their empire through a series of ordinances after the Seven Years' War. Although the passage of the Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Sugar Act,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Causes. Background. Immediate. Strategies of the competing sides for victory. Significant battles with explanation of significance. Significant figures with explanation for significance. How the War concluded / Treaty and...»

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World war I: Timeline

Document abstract : «World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict lasting from 1914 C.E. to 1919 C.E. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, called the Central Powers fought...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Preview. Time line 1914 CE. Time line 1915 CE. Time line 1916 CE. Time line 1917 CE. Time line 1918 CE. Time line 1919 CE. Time line 1920 CE. Time line: Post 1920 CE. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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A chronological time line of US history

Document abstract : «The History of the United States of America is the story of man's determination and struggle to establish a definite and structured way of life, overcoming obstacles. A study of the chronological timeline of the History of U.S.A. details this fact...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The colonial phase (1492 C.E. â€“ 1781 C.E.). The launch of the republic (1781 C.E. to 1815 C.E.). The struggle between the forces of union and disunion (1815 C.E. to 1865 C.E.). The growth of the nation: From the Civil...»

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Maasai gender relations during the colonial period: A patriarchal transformation

Document abstract : «The imposition of colonial power in Africa disrupted all aspects of indigenous society. Not only were Africans robbed of political independence, but pre-colonial social structures were also destroyed or transformed based on the mercy of certain...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Response to the claims. The dichotomized debate . Direct rule and indirect rule. The colonial policy . The primary deterrent to Maasai female . Destruction of female autonomy and power . Position of women in Maasai society . Conditions...»

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The push and pull: Dichotomies in the lover

Document abstract : «Reading The Lover, you have the experience of sitting down with Marguerite Duras, perhaps in a dim room on a day in late summer, sipping cold tea in tall glasses, intent on hearing the story of her Chinese lover, the man she lost her innocence to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Marguerite Duras' book The Lover. The word 'dichotomy'. The silence and unresolved tension . Duras and her siblings . A significant aspect of the family's tortured love-hate relationship: The mother's love for her malicious eldest...»

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Human Rights in China since the Tiannemen incident in 1989

Document abstract : «On June 4th 1989, Deng Xiaoping and nine other members of the permanent Comity commanded the Prime Minister Li Peng to repress the occupation of Tiannenmen square by millions of students. Actually, this manifestation had started on the2nd of April ...»

Synopsis abstract : «...»

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Women, Algerians and enemies

Document abstract : «Victims told their stories to the Truth Commission while, in another hall, in other time, perpetrators explained their deeds. During the Algerian War (1954-1962), called "the war of independence", French soldiers raped many Algerian women, but this...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Algerian war. The beginning of the war for national liberation. Violence against the women . A look into brutality of the war. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The diplomacy of Vichy: June 1940 to November 1942

Document abstract : «The history of Vichy has been subjected to heated controversies since 1945. In the years that followed the liberation, most historians and politicians alleged that France had resisted to the German, and developed a myth, the "Resistantialisme". This...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. New policy implemented by Laval in 1940 . The French position towards the Germans . Desire to fight against the Germans. The defeat of France. The relations between London and Vichy . Modernization of the French Naval Army. Plan to...»

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In what specific senses might nationalism be considered one of the causes of the First World War?

Document abstract : «Since the beginning of the XIX century, Europe had known a series of crises, due to serious issues which were causing mounting friction amongst the Powers. Nonetheless, at the beginning of 1914 Europe seemed to be at peace, and the international...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The first kind of nationalism . The demands of peoples in the Balkans. Reaction of the other existing powers of the area . Strong nationalism in the other European countries . German national sentiment . Conc...»

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Lewis, Fort Mandan, April 7, 1805 : The Lewis and Clark expedition

Document abstract : «This text, written by Captain Meriwether Lewis at Fort Mandan on April 7th, 1805, may be regarded as one of the main turning points of the expedition. Indeed, the long and harsh winter they endured when they could not move on westward to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Corps of Discovery and the President's oldest dreams. Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark . The manifold steps described by Lewis. The rivers Lewis and Clark had to spot . Conclusion....»

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The Gypsies and the Balkans States

Document abstract : «The Gypsies are now recognized to have originated from northern India and to have arrived in Europe around the 14th century. This deprives the Gypsies of an historical homeland and a state able to protect their rights, even outside its borders....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The situation of the Gypsies as a political problem. The socio-economic situation of the Gypsies. The Gypsies and social order. Political actors and the emergence of the political problem. State policies toward the Gypsies. An...»

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Why did the British leave India in 1947?

Document abstract : «The independence of India in August 1947 was the result of a long process which started after the First World War. Indeed in 1919 Parliament had passed the Government of India Act which was designed to organize provincial governments in India. Then,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Why did Britain give India independence in 1947? . British Prime Minister Attlee and the Viceroy Lord Wavell. Attlee's clear-sightedness. The confrontation between Hindus and Muslims . The year 1947 and the Cold War. Co...»

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The grail legends through history

Document abstract : «The story of the Holy Grail has fascinated people in written form for almost 900 years, and existed in oral form before that date as part of the legend called the Matter of Britain. This has been a pagan story, a Jewish/Islamic story, and a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Le Conte del Graal. Parzival. Le Mort D'Arthur. Historical sources of the legend. Conclusion....»

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Beating the odds: How Chet Edwards won in the Texas 17th

Document abstract : «The redistricting effort in Texas had a singular goal: to increase the Republican majority in Texas' Congressional delegation. That goal was very nearly met perfectly, with all but one of the Anglo-Democrats targeted by redistricting losing their...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The candidates. Republican Arlene Wohlgemuth. Chet Edwards . The campaigns. Fundraising. PAC breakdown. Campaign strategy. The issues. Endorsements. Candidate strengths/weaknesses/advantages/disadvantages. Final results and ...»

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The revolutionary nature of Quebec's 'quiet revolution'

Document abstract : «Introduction - 'The Quiet Revolution' is the name given to a period in Quebec's history commencing in 1960 and intersecting with the death of Quebec's Premier, Maurice Duplessis. It was a 'revolution' because a number of sweeping changes were made...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Historical context of ?The Quiet Revolution'. Impacts of the Quiet Revolution. The role of the French language . The political issue of Quebec's sovereignty . The large scale secularization of Quebec's society . The most politically...»

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The Jews of Denmark and Norway: A comparison of fates

Document abstract : «"Having developed along parallel lines in many areas, the Nordic countries appear as an entity instead of as separate, sovereign countries. The differences of the nations, however, show up clearly when one investigates the fates of the Jewish...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Jewish population of Denmark prior to the war. Invasion of Norway and Denmark . The concurrent political situation within Norway . The German occupation of Denmark and Norway . The escape of 900 Jews from Denmark and the fate of...»

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Historical approaches to Buddhist history

Document abstract : «In the past three decades Buddhism has become increasingly popular in the West and has had a major impact on Western religious thought and practice. That tradition, however, comes with baggage about the roles and position of women that is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Scholarly interpretations. Horner. Schuster Barnes. Sponberg. Historical analysis. Conclusion. Biliography....»

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Legends of Mary Magdalene in Europe

Document abstract : «Most of what we know about Mary Magdalene is found in the New Testament or in the documents about the early groups called apocryphal writings. The texts of the New Testament are not reliable historical records, since they were written years after...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Ephesus legends. European legends. Provence. European events. Mary Magdalene's body. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The role women in buddhist traditions

Document abstract : «In recent decades, as Buddhism has gained popularity in the West, Western scholars have begun to apply principles of historical analysis to Buddhist scriptures. One main purpose of this kind of scholarship is to try and determine which of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Women in early Indian Buddhism. Historicalimportance of the sayings attributed to Gautama Buddha. Women in Mahayana Buddhism . Changing the female sex. Women in Theravada Buddhism . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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The Lewis and Clark centennial exposition: An economic and cultural look into the 1905 Portland World's Fair

Document abstract : «The year of 1851 was the first among 150 years of World's Fairs that took the world of tourism, both domestic and abroad, by storm. With over thirty recognizable World's Fairs that have taken place over time, The Lewis and Clark Centennial and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Lewis and Clark Centennial Fair. Commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The idea of Portland holding a World Fair. The economic slump in Portland. Location. The fair. Inspired by the Chicago...»

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The geographical purpose in Austen's Emma

Document abstract : «"One half of the world cannot understand the pleasures of the other, " so believes Emma Woodhouse. In this line, spoken to her father, the actions of the title character as chronicled throughout this book are given motive and context. Emma is a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Emma's world: Geographically. The village. The marriage of Emma's friend. Frank Churchill: The stepson of Emma's neighbor Mrs. Weston. Judging Emma's actions. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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Institutional impact: The Presbyterian Church and anti-slavery in Antebellum Kentucky

Document abstract : «Coupled with the fervor of Evangelical Revivalism, anti slavery movements in the Southern states were deeply influenced by religious institutions during the early to mid nineteenth century. Social networks assumed issues of social concern. In Faith,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Whites taking a stances against the spread of and the contemporary existence of African slavery . The Presbyterian Church and the question of who was to blame for this social evil. Historian William M. Boyd: The prevalence of an early...»

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What did India mean to Great Britain in the Eighteenth century?

Document abstract : «What began as an exercise of hubris, Great Britain's presence in India was strong and far-reaching. Via the East India Company, formally established in 1660, Indian trade patterns grew as the eighteenth century progressed. Through India, the British...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Tea: An essential exported good. Visible shift in Britain's position with reference to India in the second half of the eighteenth century. The expansion of British control or cultivation of land into the interior. Agriculture as the...»

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Profiting off the slave trade

Document abstract : «Slavery and the opening up of the New World go hand in hand. Whether it be the mining of the silver and gold caches in the Mexican interior or the farming of sugar cane in the Caribbean islands, the riches appropriated by the Europeans from the new...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. World economy during slave trade: A zero-sum fixture. State intervention in slave trade. The prospects of large profits . Shipping expenses: A heavy initial burden on slave merchants. The captain's ability to keep the slaves alive...»

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Iconic aircraft's of World War II

Document abstract : «We live in an age where flying at the speed of sound in jet-powered aircraft's is a very ordinary thing. It's a rush, an experience but still very common. But we must not forget how we got here or the machines and people that laid the foundations...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Aircrafts that set the standards. Messerschmitt Me 262. Messerschmitt Me 163. Heinkel He 219 . Messerschmitt Bf 109. Junker Ju 87 . Zero and the Ki-109. Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen . Mitsubishi Ki-109 . P 51 Mustang, Hurricane, Spitfire,...»

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Espionage in occupied France during WWII

Document abstract : «The practise of espionage is not a new one; in fact it has been dubbed my many at the world's second oldest profession. Espionage had particular significance for the Allied forces during World War II. Those involved were a special breed of wartime...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Understand how intelligence services became formal within the Allied governments. . The United States' lack of sabotage, propaganda or economic warfare organizations.. The OSS and their time in Africa and the Mediterranean.. The OSS...»

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Asian immigration policies in Canada: 1880-1923

Document abstract : «Today Canada prides itself on being one of the most multicultural countries in the world. This country has people from all over the world. All of these different people have different stories. The story of Asian-Canadians is an interesting one,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Asian's that migrated to Canada.. Royal Commission inquiring into the problem of Chinese immigration. . A steady stream of anti-Chinese legislation.. The awareness that the 'threat' of Asian migration was not over. . The Laurier...»

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How the Korean War started

Document abstract : «The war in Korea was the first war waged against an aggressor state by the United Nations in the twentieth century. It was unlike any other major conflict in that there was no formal declaration of war to mark its beginnings and no peace treaty to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cairo Conference of 1943.. Chistiakov and a communist state north of the 38 degree Parallel. . Truman's of the Russian propaganda undermining the military government of South Korea.. Election befrore the US troops pulled...»

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Affluent youth rebellion in the 1960s

Document abstract : «The decade of the 1960s was a tumultuous time for universities and the students that occupied them. It was a time of changing values, gone were the days of the Old Communist Left of the decades prior, and arrived was the movement of the New Left. ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The students of these times.. Seeing the 'American values' they held so dear: Rhetoric being espoused by people.. New breed of the New Left.. The student rebellion of the 1960's.. The baby-boom generation.. The New Left movement:...»

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Western Canada 1760 - 1860

Document abstract : «The lure of the western frontier has played a major part in nation-building in North America. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Pacific Coast from Mexico to Alaska was explored, surveyed and mapped by Spanish, English,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Natives before the discovery of the West by the Europeans.. The economy of the native inhabitants.. The nature of the Indian economy.. The fur trade of the northern peripheries.. Competition: Always a mixed blessing.. One key...»

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US intervention in Guatemala and Bolivia in the 1950's

Document abstract : «Ever since the early days of European colonization, Latin America has always been a hotbed of unequal distribution of wealth. Latin American economies suffer from disproportionately high rates of inequality, with the richest ten percent of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The dictatorship of Jorge Ubico Castaneda.. The Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario uprising.. The foreign policy initiatives of the American government.. Arbenz's run for the presidency: Support of a coalition of liberals and...»

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The Red Maestro: Leopold Trepper and the Communist European Spy Network of World War II

Document abstract : «There was obviously a good amount of rhyme and reason to the Nazi Abwehr's technical jargon. Each codename had its own justification, and worked fairly well on a metaphorical level. From calling forgers "cobblers" (due to the amount of overlap...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Leopold Trepper.. Why choose Trepper?. Trepper's move to France. . First experiences with both of his enemies during his years as the maestro of the Red Orchestra. . The surprise for Trepper.. Understanding the idea of living...»

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Impact of World War I on the American home front

Document abstract : «The First World War (WWI), the Great War that ended all wars initiated by the Allied and Associated Powers based on the opposition to the Central Powers of Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire was the most destructive and by the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Thesis statement.. Politics.. The Progressive Era marked from 1895 to WWI.. The precipice of war.. Wilson's decision to participate in the War and Kennedy.. Wilson's decision: Not born out of national interest.. Economic.. A great...»

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A critical study: Spanish artifact influences in the Andes in the mid-20th century

Document abstract : «The Spanish encountered a culture very foreign to their own in the jagged peaks of the Andes. At the time of the conquest the Andean Mountains were spattered with different languages. There was no alphabetic writing. What the pan-Andeans did have...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Introduction to the problem of translation.. Andean objects within an Andean system of reference.. Attempts to explain Andean objects in a european system of reference.. Historical memory.. Role of Andean objects in a post conquest...»

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President Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima: Was there a realistic alternative to this course of action?

Document abstract : «On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States dropped, on the city of Hiroshima, the first of the only two nuclear bombs ever employed against human population, killing more than 115.000 people - probably as many as 250.000 according to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The unconditional surrender of the Japanese.. Disintegration of power by the Japanese.. The collapse of Germany.. The fire bombing of Tokyo.. The psychological effects on the Japanese.. The writing by Eisenhower.. The use of A-bomb in...»

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European diplomacy: from the Bismarckian System and the Realpolitik to the pre-WW1 Alliances and the Weltpolitik

Document abstract : «From 1872 to 1907, a series of alliances are formed among European major powers. The international system formed by German chancellor Bismarck in order to ensure Germany's hegemony within Europe and prevent a possible French revenge disappears in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1871-1890: The Bismarckian System, a will to isolate France and rule Europe.. A system based on France's isolation.. A system based on a certain equilibrium among European main powers.. 1890-1907: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente,...»

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The Japanese expansionism during the first part of the Shōwa Era: 1926-1945

Document abstract : «In 1926, Hirohito, the grandson of the Meiji emperor, reached the throne and chose Showa ("enlightened Peace") as the official name of his reign. However, the General Tanaka Giichi became Prime Minister in 1927, confirming the dominating role of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The context which explains the expansionism.. The ideological background.. The Greater Asia Co-Prosperity sphere.. The economic development organisms.. The military structure.. The main conflicts led by Japan during that...»

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The colonial legacy of the Herero Genocide in Namibia

Document abstract : «What is the relationship between Namibia at the dawn of the XXth century, Mein Kampf and UNO? The Hereros establish the link; this community of Southwest Africa who, in spite of it, took part in the ideological elaboration of the genocides century....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The history of the genocide.. Historical background of the German colonization in Namibia.. The history of the genocide.. The reparation issue around the genocide.. The fight of the Herero community for a recognition of the...»

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The Bhopal crisis

Document abstract : «The Bhopal disaster happened in the early hours of the morning of December 3rd, 1984. It is one of the most terrible industrial disaster or maybe even the most terrible disaster that ever happened. It took place in Bhopal which is the capital city...»

Synopsis abstract : «The start of the crisis.. Analysis of the triggering event.. The technical errors and failures.. Amplification of the crisis.. The origins of the crisis.. Relations between the Indian authorities and UCIL.. The economical context.. Previous...»

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The Cold war and the Cuban missile crisis

Document abstract : «Understanding the Cold War, it is central to understand the history of the 2nd half of the 20th century. Between 1945 and 1991, there were lots of casualties in more than 100 wars that took place in the 3rd World in that period. Moreover, most of...»

Synopsis abstract : «The Cold War.. The characteristics of the Cold War.. Understanding the Cold War.. The weapons race as a dynamic race in the Cold War.. Decolonisation during the Cold War.. The Cuban missiles crisis.. Unleashing of the CIA operation.. Coming of John...»

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Truman and the post-war years

Document abstract : «During and due to the War economy, the American factories had been very active. They bustled with triple shifts. The US had eventually absorbed one of the most severe attacks launched on its values. However the role of the family and women within,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Stimulation of the Black Americans.. The rising of the wind.. The Atlantic Charter.. Cold War and the reasons for its development.. Bretton Woods Conference.. Creation of the world bank.. Post World War 2 issues.. The American-Soviet...»

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The failure of the Arusha Process in the Rwandese Crisis

Document abstract : «The 1994 Rwandese genocide happened in the following of a civil war which had begun more than three years earlier. In October 1990, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), which gathered the Rwandese who were refugees in south Uganda (mostly since the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The negotiation phase: A commended process, but an imbalanced final text.. The design of the negotiation process in itself was very good.. The participants.. The choice of an inclusive peace process.. A comprehensive strategy.. The...»

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Lebanon's fragility: The case of the Civil War 1975-1990

Document abstract : «The states of the Arab East have always experienced challenging political and social issues mainly inherited from their creation by Great Powers after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, the Western organizational model of the time, i.e....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The French decoupage of the Levant in 1920.. The National Pact of 1943.. The 1958 crisis.. The dramatic transformation.. The civil war in 1975.. The triggering of the civil war.. The domestic fragility.. Palestinian...»

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The Cecchini report - 20 years later

Document abstract : «With the Maastricht Treaty, in 1992, the European Community will now be a single market composed of twelve countries, with no more barriers between them. This change was of course studied and analyzed before coming into force. The European...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Expectations.. Verified benefits.. The gap.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The American Revolution 1776-1783

Document abstract : «The American Revolution is one of the biggest events that durably affected the American population: first this conflict was the only one that ever took place on their territory, and secondly it opposed American people themselves in a merciless civil...»

Synopsis abstract : «Origins of the American Revolution.. The decisive years of the war of independence: 1776 and 1777.. The beginning of the confrontation: 1775-1776.. 1777 : Saratoga, the turning point of the revolution and its consequences on the issues of the...»

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Hungarian history and culture

Document abstract : «The Carpathian basin is composed by the Carpathians, the Alps ands the Dinaric Alps. This geographical situation makes present-day Hungary as a singular country, a land with melting-pot cultures from different ages. Finally, the Magyars has sealed...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The early way of life in the Carpathian basin.. The mutual effects and the cultural influences.. Conclusion.....»

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During the Cold War, what role did oil play in driving western intervention to the Middle East?

Document abstract : «After the Second World War in 1945, a new world order came up: Western Europe had to recover from the damages the war caused, and the US and the Soviet Union were competing against each other for power in a Cold War period. During this era, lasting...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Cold War.. Oil becoming a major stake for USA.. Western intervention in the Middle East.. Conflicts in the Middle East and political instability.. The US intervention.. The western desire to dominate the Middle East.. Oil crisis...»

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Le Panier: its patrimony, its rehabilitation and the new city

Document abstract : «Marseille is an old city dating from Greek Antiquity when it was called Massilia and was a harbor on the Mediterranean Sea. Thanks to trade and its location between the Eastern and the Western world Marseille has become an important place....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. What are the main architectural characteristics of this part of the city?. How does the restoration of 'Le panier' constitute a challenge?. The use of false decorations realized with coat and panting.. The last element noticeable on...»

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The experience of the Indian and Pakistani immigrant communities in Great Britain from 1948 to 1971

Document abstract : «The history of Indian and Pakistani presence in Britain is long as it dates back to the seventeenth century. Yet the influence of the South Asian community was almost insignificant at that time, for its size remained very small. Only after the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Employment.. Introduction.. Labour recruitment: A working immigrant population.. The occupational distribution of Indians and Pakistanis in Great Britain.. The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act and its effect on labour immigration from...»

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The impact of the French Revolution (1789-1815) on life in France during the nineteenth century

Document abstract : «The whole nineteenth century can be seen as a century of experiment of political systems and institutions, a span of time where the French population looked for a political identity according to its specific heritage by trying a lot of regimes...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. In 1815, France seeks a stable regime, but the First Empire obviously can't provide it. . The country knew with a demographic growth the beginning of the industrial revolution was around.. The recollection of history brought a...»

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British Imperialism

Document abstract : «The American War of Independence (1775-1783) is referred to as the end of the first British Empire and as an evolution of the management of the colonies. Britain realized that trade might continue to bring prosperity even in the absence of colonial...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. India and despotism.. From company to crown.. Oriental despotism.. The 19th century changes.. Protectionism.. Colony and Industrialization.. The debate over empire.. New imperialism.. The Suez...»

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How did the first world war affect the status of women?

Document abstract : «The First World War is one of the first conflicts, which called for the participation, and mobilization of all people, fighters as much as non-fighters. So, at the announcement of the war, men and women are going to answer present. The society and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The begining of the war.. All men left for the front.. The image of the 'peasant woman'.. The course of year 1914.. Adjustment in the respective role of men and women.. The working conditions in factories.. Women in the medical...»

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Cause of the great famine and its place in the demographic and migration history

Document abstract : «In the 1800s, Ireland was essentially a rural country. Its economy depended only on agriculture, and its industrial system was very weak. Therefore, Ireland was very poor compared with its neighbour, England. It is considered most of all as an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Great famine of 1845.. Phytophthora infestans as the first cause of famine.. The situation of Ireland.. Ireland being dependant on potato.. The other factors leading to the disaster.. Vulnerability of the Irish economy.. The...»

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Was the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco relevant?

Document abstract : «Luis Carrero Blanco has been Franco's shadow and his life is one of the most mysterious in the Spanish history of the twentieth century. He always seemed to be a minor figure. He was from the middle-class, had little ambition but had an important...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The relevance of his assassination for democratic purposes.. Considering Teresa Vilaros's analyse of Carrero Blanco's death.. Going further than the simple claim for local legitimation and nationalist revendication.. A paradox: A...»

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America on its way to modernity (1800-1860)

Document abstract : «The beginning of the nineteenth Century was mostly rural: indeed the Americans living in the countryside were five times in number than those living in cities. Moreover the nation grew considerably in 1790; there were four million American and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The two different economies.. The northern industry.. The southern agriculture.. Working conditions.. Communication between the North and the South.. Transportation.. New media.. Art.. Changes in society.. Slavery.. Education.. The...»

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Why did Eritrea become independent?

Document abstract : «In 1993, the whole world was impressed by the state-of-the-art independence of Eritrea. Everything seemed to have been done by the rules : a declaration of independence in 1991, a notification to the UN and a referendum two years later. Being the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction: One century and one year.. Eritrea: A mosaic of cultures, a diverse society.. The formation of Eritrea as an Italian colony.. The Italian rule .. The anti unionist movement, first impetus for Eritrean nationalism.. Ethiopian...»

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Why did communism become established in Eastern Europe after the Second World War?

Document abstract : «On the 25th of April 1945, shortly before the official end of the Second World War, American and Soviet soldiers meet at the Elbe river. But to reach the Elbe river, the Russian troops had to come all the way across Europe, and so across Eastern...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The reasons why communism was implemented in Eastern Europe.. Two 'exclusive zones of influence'. . The efficient presence of the Red Army in the occupied countries. . The Soviets chasing off the Nazis from Eastern Europe.. The role...»

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Preparing the Great War: The Schlieffen Plan

Document abstract : «Between 1905 and 1914, due to the instability of Europe dominated by alliances, every country in Europe was preparing for the war and developing war plans and strategies, which had to suit their conceptions of the war. Germany, which was allied with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Signing of Entente Cordiale and Germany becoming the leading country in Europe.. The theoretical Schlieffen plan.. The risks taken by Schlieffen.. Germany and Belgium.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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What historical factors played the greatest role in defining the Arab society and culture since the eighteenth century?

Document abstract : «From the seventh to the eighteenth century, the Arab World has formed a large area regrouping a Muslim population, sharing a common religion and culture. In different parts of the Islamic World, Islam was the bound between the Umma. Since the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Ottoman Empire: Decline and end.. The Ottoman Empire.. Its failure to adapt its economy and especially its industry to the European economy.. Different interpretations of Islam.. The Arab population under European colonialism.. The...»

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The classical realist and structural realist theories applied to the Kosovo crisis in 1998-1999

Document abstract : «Kosovo is mostly known as a region in the former Yugoslavia where, in 1998 and 1999, there was growing violence between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), which sought independence from Serbia, and the Serbian army and police, which were randomly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The realist theory: Understanding and analysing the sources of Yugoslavia war and of US intervention in Kosovo.. International and Domestic security dilemmas.. International Anarchy and predominance of the nation-states.. The conduct...»

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The history of the Jagiellonian university: The history of Krakow

Document abstract : «Since its foundation in 1364, the University of Krakow has known a destiny unique of its kind. It was the second university created in Central Europe after the one in Prague - created in 1348 - and before many others afterward like in Vienna (1365),...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The flourishing beginnings.. Kazimierz the Great.. The restoration of Krakow's University.. A real Golden Age.. The first difficulties.. The Rector and the Bishop's refusal of the ideas of the Reformation.. The authorities boasting...»

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The emancipation proclamation

Document abstract : «President Abraham Lincoln entered the war in order to preserve the union of the United States rather than to abolish slavery. Indeed, he repeatedly emphasized that his paramount objective in the war was to save the union, not to free the slaves....»

Synopsis abstract : «The emancipation proclamation.. The Civil War.. An act of justice.. A military necessity.. Bibliography.....»

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Genocide: The case of Rwanda

Document abstract : «The situation in Darfur illustrates the difficulties the international community faces when it comes to deal with acts of genocide. Genocide has been defined as a crime in international law, an international Convention has been signed and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Definition of genocide.. The Hutus and the Tutsis.. The role of UN.. Major failure of the international community.. The ICTY and ICTR.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Mao's reforms: A total failure?

Document abstract : «"In time of difficulties, we must not lose sight of our achievements." This quotation from the Communist leader Mao Tse-Tung (1893-1976) could perfectly apply to his economic policy. When Mao came to power in October 1949, China was out of a decade...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mao's policies.. Mao's role in the Chinese economy.. Mao towards industrialization.. The success of industrialization.. Stability in economy.. The government investments.. The slack in the agricultural sector.. Establishment of an...»

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Did Thatcherism bring an end to the 'post-war consensus?'

Document abstract : «Since 1979 the so-called 'Thatcher experiment' or the 'Thatcherism' was at the centre of many debates, partly because Mrs Thatcher's government has broken with many features of the postwar consensus and partly because her government's record is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The conventional point of view: The end of consensus.. What was the 'postwar consensus'?. The consensus and Thatcher's election as Prime Minister.. Thatcher's policies and the end of the consensus period.. Criticism to the...»

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Was the Great Famine of greater significance for the histories of subsequent generations than for those of the period 1845 - 50?

Document abstract : «Ireland in the beginning of the 1840's had a population of eight million inhabitants of whom more than four-fifths lived on the land and it was one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The prosperous phase which prevailed in Ireland at...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The role of the potato in Ireland.. The Great Famine.. Consequence of the famine: Eviction.. Emigration.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Pragmatism and idealism in the process of nation-building (1781-1788)

Document abstract : «"Idealism without pragmatism is impotent. Pragmatism without idealism is meaningless. The key to effective leadership is pragmatic idealism." (Richard Nixon). Were the very first years of the new nation, born of the American Revolution, marked by a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The idealistic heritage of the Revolution.. The spirits of optimism.. The Articles of Confederation.. The ratification of the Articles of Confederation.. The ideals born of the Revolution.. Shay's rebellion in 1786.. The lack of a...»

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South Africa: Colonial expansion and British consolidation

Document abstract : «History of South Africa's colonization is undoubtedly one of the most complex, partly due to the fact that several colonizing nations and several native tribes were in interaction. What kind of evolutions knew South Africa from the second part of...»

Synopsis abstract : «1652 to 1805: The Dutch supremacy.. The arrival of the Dutch.. The growth of the colony.. 1805 to 1880: Arrival and consolidation of the British.. British arrival and their attempt to stabilize the situation.. The emergence of hard relations between...»

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When the Japanese moved into Southeast Asia in 1941, local reactions to the occupying forces differed greatly. Evaluate the motivations that fueled these varying responses, taking into consideration particular local situations and periods of the war

Document abstract : «Raising the question of the reactions to the Japanese takeover in Southeast Asia is very delicate and original for many reasons. Firstly, Southeast Asia is a broad region and it is most likely that the reactions of locals will differ greatly from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The pre invasion context: A determinant to understand the reactions of locals to the Japanese invasion.. An unwelcomed colonization.. The Philippines and Thailand: Exceptions in different ways.. The loss of their initial support and...»

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What to call the genocides of the Second World War and why?

Document abstract : «"Historians are not always trustful guides when we have to reconstitute past". Those words, of Lucy DAWIDOWICZ -an American historian who wrote quite a lot of books about the historiography of genocides- directly aimed at criticizing historians of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The controversy about the proper name to give to the genocides perpetrated by the Nazis.. The sensitivity of the name's issue . Genocide/Genocides.. The official definition of the term 'genocide'.. The beginning of the 'Genocide...»

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Was terror an integral part of the mentality of the revolutionaries in France?

Document abstract : «No part of the Revolution calls as much pictures to mind as the "Terror". The endless lines of people waiting to be guillotined, the Committee of Public Safety with the heartless figure of Maximilien Robespierre, Marat's corpse lying in his bath...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Description of the meaning of the terror.. The French revolution and the terrorist aspect.. The ideology behind the concept of terror.. Various schools of thought on terror.. Conclusion.. Bibliograp...»

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France under the Fifth Republic

Document abstract : «The French Fourth Republic collapsed following the rise of the civil war in Algeria. Its lack of stability, which was a consequence of its parliamentary structure and the weaknesses of its parties, did not manage to survive this major crisis, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The significant divisions inside the French Right.. Divisions inside the Parties of the French Right throughout the Fifth Republic.. Divisions between the parties of the French Right.. When the national unity is achieved around one...»

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