Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Philosophy, literature and Linguistics

Life, death and politics : A run-down of the abortion debate

Document abstract : «Few issues have fostered such controversy as has the topic of abortion. The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Beginning of human life. Immorality of abortion. The religious aspect. Justifying abortion. Abortion and personal choice. Abortion and the constitution. Legal status of abortion. Conclusion....»

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Democratic equality. Are Rawls's principles of economic justice too egalitarian or not egalitarian enough?

Document abstract : «The question is, therefore, whether Rawls's egalitarianism is not enough egalitarian or too egalitarian. After having exposed the main points of Rawls's view of economic justice, the analysis of its major criticisms, both from the left and the right...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Rawls's egalitarianism . D. Parfit's Equality or Priority. The theoretical argumentation. G.A. Cohen's 're'-interpretation of the difference principle. The 'ethos' of justice . Conclusion. Sources....»

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Oscar Wilde and Aestheticism

Document abstract : «The 19th Century in Europe, and especially in England, is marked by the appearances of new artistic movements. Aestheticism is one the most important because it embodies a real change in the mentality and in art, considered as self sufficient....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The aesthetic movement. Definition. Historical background. The changes in art. A pioneer: Immanuel Kant. Biography. The 'beautiful', an object of a disinterested satisfaction. The 'beautiful', a 'form of finality'. An important figure:...»

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What exactly is the difference between act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism? Can rule-utilitarianism succeed where act-utilitarianism fails?

Document abstract : «According to the meaning we give to 'actions', we get two different theories under Utilitarianism. And there is a great debate between those two schools of utilitarianism about how exactly the individual utilitarian should make their moral...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Rule utilitarianism . The principle of universalization . Utilitarianism. Creation of utilitarianism . The first objection to act-utilitarianism . Objections regarding the impractical approach in helping guide someone in making moral...»

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The double personality in Edgar Allan Poe's tales: William Wilson and The Cask of Amontillado

Document abstract : «Edgar Allan Poe's stories often reflect some of his own personal problems. William Wilson and The Cask of Amontillado are usually classified with the label "tales of the double (or evil) personality". They reflect one of the strangest aspects of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The narration of William Wilson. Clues to the fact that the 'other' William Wilson had no physical existence. The representation of Wilson's life in Eton and Oxford . William Wilson and The Cask of Amontillado. Montresor: The narrator...»

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With close reference to any two poems on this course, critically discuss different conceptions of American-ness

Document abstract : «One can find a great variety of themes in American poetry, whatever the period one is interested in: poems about love or about war, about the self or about nature, about reality or about dreams. But the common point of all these is that they convey...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Star Spangled Banner. The love of the flag. The poem Theme for English B. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Does History "stop", "start", and "accelerate"?

Document abstract : «The fall of the Berlin wall symbolised the end of communism, and the victory of liberal democracy. The suddenness with which the soviet empire collapsed, without any resistance, authorised the idea that democracy was going to triumph all over the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The technical end of the twentieth century. Speculation on the new beginning with the end of the twentieth century. The structural evolutions that occurred between the Roman Empire and during the 1600's in Europe. The period between...»

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Does multiculturalism undermine the universal conceptions of justice?

Document abstract : «The Greek philosopher Plato believed that there was a parallel world: the world of Ideas . This world represented the true knowledge with the help of concepts, the Ideas. Each Idea corresponded to something that existed in the world that we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Promoting egalitarianism. The liberal nationalist theory. The multiculturalism versus universal conceptions of justice debate. Kymlicka's solution. Diversity of cultures: Not necessarily a weakness. Cultural exchange due to increase in...»

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Music, emotion and Zipf's law

Document abstract : «The hypothesis of Zipf concerning a universal Principle of Least Effort, manifesting itself in Zipf 's law and modeled by Ferrer i Cancho and Sol'e in a signal-object reference matrix, gave rise to the idea that maybe the elements in ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Quantitative linguistics. Frequency distributions. Entropy. Previous research. Balancing effort. Data types. Corpus size. Music and Zipf 's law. Music and communication. Music and emotion. Research question. Experimental ...»

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The Nineteenth Century's Middle Ages: Representation of the Middle Ages through nineteenth century novels or arts

Document abstract : «Henry Adams, Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres (1913). In Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams depicts several well-known monuments and old sights of France, all of which were built during the Middle Ages. In this book, published in 1913,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Adam's belief in the expressions of buildings. The Virgin's statue. His comparison of the Virgin to earthly queens . Conclusion....»

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The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison

Document abstract : «The Bluest Eye contains a number of autobiographical elements. It is set in the town where Morrison grew up (Lorain), and it is told from the point of view of a nine-year-old girl, the age Morrison would have been the year the novel takes place...»

Synopsis abstract : «Toni Morrison's biography. Autobiographical elements in The Bluest Eye. Prologue. The Dick and Jane narrative. Second part written in italics: Narration by an unnamed narrator. Autumn: Chapter 1. Theme of injustice: Being a child, being poor, being...»

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Orwell said in an essay titled Why I write : "It is my purpose to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole." How far does Orwell achieve this in 1984 ?

Document abstract : «Let us remember that, at the end of 1936, Orwell fought for the Republicans (against Franco) in Spain, where he was wounded. We know that Orwell's 1984 (published in 1949) was given this title because the novel was written in 1948, just after the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The main characters of 1984 . The most political aspects of the book . The destruction of the links between people. Orwell's greatest achievement . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Swinging London - 1963-1967

Document abstract : «The Sixties are usually seen as a period of joy and optimism, especially in England, where they take place between two tougher periods of British history. The Fifties had indeed been quite difficult in the United Kingdom, socially and economically...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Presentation of the Swinging London culture. The importance of music. Other aspects of the mod lifestyle. A critical vision of Swinging London: Blow-Up, by Michaelo Antonioni. Conclusion. Bibliograph...»

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Margaret Drabble, "The Millstone": part of the « Angry Young Men » movement?

Document abstract : «Margaret Drabble is a writer who was often assimilated to what is called the 'Angry Young Men' literary movement. But, as a lot of those writers of the 1950s who were put into the same category, she never claimed being fully part of this movement -...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The book 'The Millstone'. Publication of the book. The main theme . The class confrontation in the book. Eancipation of Rosamund through her motherhood . The principal character and social confro...»

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Comment from the essay "Culture and anarchy" written by Matthew Arnold published in 1869

Document abstract : «Matthew Arnold, in his philosophical essay Culture and Anarchy, published in 1869, exposes his view of culture in a generally way, that is to say, that this view could and should be applied to any society or any group of men on the earth. He wrote...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Arnold's detailed description of the contemporary state of the world. A love of perfection. Humanism in Arnold's work. Conclusion....»

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"The Last Crusade. Religion and the politics of misdirection" Barbara Victor

Document abstract : «Barbara Victor is a journalist and a frequent lecturer on women's issues and the Middle East. She worked for CBS television for fifteen years, where she covered the Middle East. Her books include Terrorism, an account of the Lebanon war from 1975 to...»

Synopsis abstract : «The author. Summary. The Born again doctrine. How George W. Bush managed to seduce Evangelicals. The most basic belief that Evangelical or Fundamental Christians hold. The Jewish American community in the United States . The very public religiosity...»

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Analyse the relationship between state and civil society in Hegel's Philosophie des Rechts

Document abstract : «Since the 18th century, the contrasted views of the state in the Anglo-Saxon world and in France diverge on the notion of public interest. Both movements of thought frequently oppose the vision of an aggregate of the particular interests of citizens...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The methodological framework of Hegel's philosophy des Rechts. The concepts of civil society and state. Civil society. The state. The twofold relationship of civil society and state . Civil society: A transition towards the idea of the...»

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War and the American Presidency : Arthur Schlesinger

Document abstract : «War And The American Presidency was written by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who used to be an adviser for Adlai Stevenson's campaign and a special assistant to President Kennedy . He participated in the founding of Americans for Democratic Action,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Unilateralism - not a new foreign policy in America. Schlesinger as a famous liberal historian and honest about his political affiliation. The difference between preventive and preemptive. Schlesinger's comments on the malfunctioning...»

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Welfare and Ideology by Vic George and Paul Wilding

Document abstract : «Political debates are often driven by what we call ideology. Nowadays we refer to ideology as a set of values and beliefs which influence individuals, politics, groups or even societies as a whole. The "critique of existing socio-economic systems,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Marxist point of view. Proposals centred on the creation of a socialist society. This universal provision of welfare. The feminist and environmental movements. Conclusion....»

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"Araby", James Joyce

Document abstract : «This short story was written by James Joyce who lived from 1882 to 1941; it is an extract from Dubliners, published in 1914. The book is compound with several short stories which take place in Dublin, and deal with the monotone life of some...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Characters involved in the story. Description of the author's style of writing. The chronological order in the story. Description of the important scenes in the story. Narrator as the romantic hero. The lexical fields of the text . The...»

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Treatment of time in Virginia Woolf's Work

Document abstract : «In her novel "Orlando: a Biography" published in 1927, Virginia Woolf evokes 'the extraordinary discrepancy between time on the clock and time in the mind' (Orlando p.91) and the opposition she expresses between this two conceptions of time is to be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Definition of clock time. Usage of clock time in the novel 'To the lighthouse'. Analysis of what 'time in the mind' means. As inner time as a matter of interiority. Conclusion. Works cited....»

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How (if at all) do you know that you are not a brain in a vat?

Document abstract : «Our whole life (attitudes, reactions, actions) is based on knowledge. Depending on our present state of knowledge, we are going to react to different situations in different ways, give different answers to different questions. To do that however,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Defining the 'brain in a vat' hypothesis . The causal theory, developed by Goldman. The failure of the conditional and the causal theories of knowledge . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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What are the differences between Locke's and Hobbes' notions of the "state of nature"?

Document abstract : «Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are probably the most famous political thinkers of the 17th century. The generally accepted view asserts that these authors stood poles apart, the first one advocating an absolutist regime and the latter recommending a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Two strongly divergent views of human nature. Preliminary remarks on the concept of the state of nature. A dissimilar account of the state of nature in its initial form: two different behavioral analyses. The essence and the role of...»

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The Problematic Third Speech of the Phaedrus and Ficino's Neoplatonic Reinterpretation

Document abstract : «There has been much scholarly debate concerning the relative merit of the three speeches in Plato's Phaedrus; the third speech, in particular, is much contested. While the first two speeches are undeniably mired in self-contradiction and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The situating of the entire work in a numinous pastoral setting . Describing a focus on the transcendent. When intimacy is established . Love based purely on physical attraction or lust. A blatant sensualism. The description of how a...»

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Alatiel and Helen: War Caused by Beauty?

Document abstract : «Few storylines are more familiar than that of the woman so beautiful that men cannot resist her and will stop short of nothing, even murder or treachery, to possess her. The most famous of these women is of course, Helen, with "the face that...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The first evidence that Euripides' play is not going to follow the traditional account of Helen. Abrupt change in the story from its expected course. Euripides' Helen and the question of the relation of language to metaphor. The divine...»

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Transcending the Fallacy of the Binary Through Ambivalence

Document abstract : «A thought process that appears to be common to all humans is that of setting up binaries. It is a tendency that exists across cultures and since "the beginning of time." This may be because it is easier to define what something is not than what it...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Bauman claims: 'The gift of God was, so to speak, the knowledge of ambivalence and the skill of living in this knowledge'. Equating the flesh of humanity with sin. The Divine and the anti-Divine. The poetic language of the entire...»

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King Mongkut: Man, Myth, and Misrepresentation

Document abstract : «Fewer stories of a Western encounter with the "Other" have been more popular than that of the English governess Anna Leonowens and King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam, now Thailand. The fascination began with the two books written by Anna herself, The...»

Synopsis abstract : «The real King Mongkut . Anna claim to having been born in Carnarvon. The portrayal of King Mongkut in The King and I . The king: Not the only character to receive ill treatment at the hands of the script writers. The general untruths found in the...»

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The Enlightenment of Sir Gawain

Document abstract : «In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Sir Gawain is a model knight in all things material; he excels in his physical prowess as well as the arts of conversation and courtly love. Although he also exhibits outward signs of devotion and piety, his...»

Synopsis abstract : «Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Green Knight's appearance at the court of King Arthur. Gawain's spiritual education. The beheading of the Green Knight . Gawain's arrival at Sir Bertilak's castle. The use of the word 'gaze'. As in Shakespeare's...»

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Butterfly or Bumblebee?: The Sting of Satire in The Importance of Being Earnest

Document abstract : «Oscar Wilde said that his play, The Importance of Being Earnest, subtitled "A Serious Comedy for Trivial People" was "written by a butterfly for butterflies" (qtd. in Stokes 115). Although this statement may be true, the subject of the play itself,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The word 'earnest'. The main characters of the play belong. The lives of the characters . The actions of the characters in the play. Lane's comment regarding the sacred Victorian institution of marriage. Prism's confusion between a...»

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A Defense of the Capabilities Approach

Document abstract : «There is no country in the world where women are treated equally to men. Women are consistently fed less than men, given fewer educational opportunities, and fewer freedoms. Situations in developing countries are often more overtly detrimental to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Nussbaum argument on an effective feminist. Nussbaum and other feminists. Nussbaum's view of the anti-Western critique . Devalue women's contributions and abilities. Nussbaum and relativism . The idea of relativism in todays...»

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