Term papers, Essays, Research papers in Physics and Chemistry

Design and analysis of crane hook

Document abstract : «A lifting hook is a device for grabbing and lifting loads by means of a device such as a hoist or crane. A crane is a mechanical lifting device equipped with a winder, wire ropes and sheaves that can be used both to lift materials and to move them...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Design of the hook. Design of hook block assembly. Assembly of hook blocks component. Theoritical analysis of hook. FEA using pro-mechanica. Conclusion. References....»

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Experimental methods of hydrogen testing to prevent Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC) during the Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) process

Document abstract : «One of the main problems associated with the welding of ferritic steels is that of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), popularly known as cold cracking or delayed cracking. As the name suggests, it is caused by hydrogen present in the weld metal....»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract of the study. Introduction. Idetification: Visual appreance of hydrogen cracking. Definitation of Metallography. Factors that cause hydrogen cracking. Main factors that influence the risk of cracking. Methods of hydrogen...»

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Phthalic anhydride

Document abstract : «Phthalic Anhydride is an important aromatic di-carboxylic acid anhydride. It is an ortho-derivative of phthalic acid. The raw materials are air and o-xylene. The o-xylene feed, which may be considered pure and at 0.75 atm, is pumped to 3 atm and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Properties. Uses. Selection of raw material. Selection of reactor. Method of production. Process description. Fractional Conversion of o-Xylene into (Yield of) indicated product. Major engineering problems. Material balance. Material...»

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Synthesis and analysis of Ammonium vanadates and determination of water and Vanadium content in Ammonium decavanadate using manganometry

Document abstract : «The objective of this experiment is to synthesize ammonium decavanadate (NH4)6V10O28.6H2O and ammonium trivanadate NH4V3O8 and subsequently determine the water and vanadium content in ammonium decavanadate. Vanadium in the +5 oxidation state forms...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Experimental synthesis and analysis of ammonium trivanadate and ammonium decavanadate. Preparation of ammonium decavanadate. Preparation of ammonium trivanadate. Water determination in ammonium decavanadate. Analysis of ammonium...»

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Hardness test of metals: An experiment using the Brinell test and the Rockwell test

Document abstract : «Hardness has been defined in several ways over time, mostly by physicists, metallurgists and engineers. Different definitions range from hardness being defined as a collection of properties of a material more or less related to each other to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract.. Introduction.. Defining hardness.. Measuring hardness.. Hardness testing.. Brinell test.. Rockwell test.. Experiment procedure.. Summary of results.. Conclusions.....»

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Spectrum of consciousness: Evolution of the spectrum

Document abstract : «In this chapter, Wilber explains how the information given in the previous chapters relate to the spectrum model of consciousness. He summarizes the previous chapters and shows how they relate to the creation of the spectrum. Wilber describes the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The idea of consciousness as a spectrum. The recognizable dualism . The third level of consciousness: The ego. The tertiary dualism. The spectrum of consciousness . Relationship between the immaterial experience of consciousness and...»

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Wireless electrical power transmission

Document abstract : «The conception of using the group of small satellite with wireless power transmission by focus powerful laser beam is one of the most promising direction of the modern space engineering development this engineering system makes possible to create...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Block diagram of wireless power transmission technology. Microwave semiconductors. Microwave vacuum tubes. Phase shifters and power dividers. Wave guide . Introduction. Transmitting antenna. Rectennas. System performance. Microwave...»

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Wind energy integration in power systems

Document abstract : «Grid connection of wind energy sources is essential if they are to be effectively exploited, but grid connection brings number of problems. In the paper, Distributed Generation and Wind Power integration problems are discussed. Many early wind...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Grid integration issue of DG. Voltage variation. Power quality. Protection system. Short circuit power. Reliability. Power flow. Inertia. Grid integration issues of wind power integration. Standard squirrel cage induction...»

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Implementation of vector quantization technique in image compression and speech recognition system

Document abstract : «In this paper, we have described the application of Vector Quantization in Image and Speech processing. Compressing image data by using Vector Quantization (VQ)[1]-[3] will compare Training Vectors with Code book. The result is an index of position...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Vector quantization. LBG algorithm. Mathematical analysis of LBG algorithm. Steps of LBG. Splitting codebook design. Experiment and output. Vector quantization in speech recognition. Algorithm. Pre-processing. Mel Frequency...»

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Analysis of comparative method for association rule mining

Document abstract : «Association rule mining finds interesting associations and/or correlation relationships among large set of data items. Association rules shows attribute value conditions that occur frequently together in a given data set. Association rules provide...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Data mining . Association rules and frequent item sets. The A-priori algorithm. Algorithm (FP-tree construction). Recent research in the field. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Homology modeling of acetate kinase in methanosarcina acetavorans c2a

Document abstract : «Methanogenesis, the biological production of methane, plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle and contributes significantly to global warming. The majority of methane in nature is derived from acetate. The observation that Methanosarcina...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Material and method. Secondary and tertiary structure prediction. Analysis of models. Results and discussion. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Determination of modes of oscillations by Holzer's method & fatigue problem and analysis of transient state sub-synchronous resonance

Document abstract : «The phenomenon of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) is very important in alternating current EHV series compensated power system. In view of the development of high rating turbo alternator and highly series compensated EHV transmission systems, the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Description of the sample system. Torsional oscillations modes and mode shapes. Analysis of transient state sub-synchronous resonance using Holzers method. Transient torques resulting from sub-synchronous currents. Transient...»

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New developments in aluminum metal treatment - An Indian experience

Document abstract : «Reduction of hydrogen to low levels during production is imperative for the control of hydrogen related defects in finished aluminum products. This is particularly important for cast auto components such as cylinder head and piston which undergo...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Need for improved treatment methods. Advantages of rotary degassing . References....»

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Design of fixture for face milling of support plate on cnc

Document abstract : «The milling fixtures are generally used on milling machines. The paper includes a unique aspect of designing of a milling fixture for CNC. This fixture uses locating and clamping device for face milling (185 mm x 300 mm) of support plate. The...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Fixture as defined. Components of a fixture. Analysis of the need. Location and clamping. Future scope. References....»

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A novel approach for selection of production plant layout in manufacturing environment using madm methods: Strategy case study

Document abstract : «Multiple attribute decision making (MADM) is an important part of modern decision science. It has been extensively applied to various areas such as society, economics, military, management, etc., and has been receiving more and more attention over...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Analytic hierarchy process methods . Case study. Conclusion. Reference....»

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Prediction of quantity of export mango using neuro-fuzzy method

Document abstract : «Mango is the most important fruit which covers about 35 per cent of area of the Country (India) and produces 22 per cent total production of total fruits in the country, which is highest among all the counties in the world. India covers a share of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methodology. Fuzzy logic. Artificial neural network. Implementation. Statistical model using Least Square Technique. Neural network using fuzzy logic. Result. Conclusion. References....»

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Design and fabrication of hybrid solar water heater

Document abstract : «The solar water heating system is started on the basic need of hot water in our day to day life. Different solar water heating systems are available for producing and supplying the hot water for domestic purposes and other industrial use for 24...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Solar energy and wind energy. Windmill and dynamo. Selection of pyramid type solar collector. Conclusion. Biblography....»

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Comparison and performance analysis of pid controller and fuzzy controller for electrical dc drive

Document abstract : «Electrical drives are very complex systems which makes the study difficult when detailed analysis is required along with their global behavior. With the help of advanced software tools, modeling drive system following a modular approach has become...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Model of drive system. Speed control: Armature control. Three phase controlled converter. Introduction to fuzzy control. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Advancement in dcs in plant communication

Document abstract : «Aim of the paper is to demonstrate the advances in DCS that takes place in the Field level. In the beginning all controllers had to be placed in large panels lining the walls of the control room to enable operation directly from the controller...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Traditional DCS architecture. Foundation fieldbus. Foundation fieldbus communication protocols. Conclusion. References....»

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Experimental method of hydrogen testing to prevent hydrogen assisted cracking (hac) during submerged arc welding (saw) process

Document abstract : «One of the main problems associated with the welding of ferritic steels is that of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), popularly known as cold cracking or delayed cracking. As the name suggests, it is caused by hydrogen present in the weld metal. One...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Indentification - Visual appearanceof hydrogen cracking. Metallography. Possile causes. Main factors which influence the risk of cracking. Weld metal hydrogen content. Parent material composition. Parent material...»

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Artificial neural network based approach for medical image segmentation

Document abstract : «Image segmentation plays a crucial role in many medical imaging applications and is an important but inherently difficult problem. This paper discusses the method that classifies unsupervised image using a Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) neural...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Pixel classification method based on kohonen self organizing map. Implementation of kohonen algorithm. Experiments over medical images. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Computive analysis of stepper motor drives

Document abstract : «In this paper, design of the various drives of the stepper motor is presented. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the various drives of the stepper motor. Basically the Design consists of four sections. First part is power supply. We...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. introduction. Power drivers. Diode supression. Diode-resistance supression. Zener-diode supression. Capacitor supression. Recovery on high voltage. Series resistance driver. Applications. Future scope in driver...»

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Fatigue analysis using finite element

Document abstract : «The definition of fatigue - failure under a repeated or otherwise varying load, which may reach a level sufficient to cause failure. The symptoms of fatigue are cracks that result from plastic deformation in localized areas. Such deformation usually...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Fatigue strength. Methods to determine fatigue. Stress life (SN). Strain life (EN). Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). An example for fatigue analysis. Understanding fatigue analysis. C...»

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Analysis and simulation of effects of adc resolution on pid controller using lab view

Document abstract : «The aim of this paper is to show the effect of ADC resolution on plant dynamics. To realize this, Virtual Instrumentation has been developed using Labview environment and the process dynamics are analyzed and visualized using different bit ADC's. In...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. RTD design in labview. Block diagram of RTD sensor. Signal conditioning circuit. ADC and DAC. PID implementation in labiew. PID controller. Simulation and analysis results. Proportional gain. Integral...»

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Experimental study of heat transfer coefficient in trapezoidal and rectangular shape of absorber plate in box type solar cooker

Document abstract : «The Box type Solar Cooker is the simplest device to convert solar energy into heat energy which is finally utilized to cook the food staff kept in the cooker. The box type solar cooker are constructed usually either with rectangular or trapezium...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Therma performance for top heat loss coefficient. Experimental top heat loss coefficient. Theoretical top loss coefficient. Natural convective heat transferin trapezoidal enclosure of box type solar cooker. Empirical equation...»

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Comparing the burning rates of two candles and the chemical reactions involved

Document abstract : «In chemistry and many other sciences, it is very important to visualize your data. In the world today, everything is visual: television, computers, and advertising ads and pictures. Because the whole world is so visually oriented, it is imperative...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Explanation of the method. Equipments and chemicals required. Procedure. Liquids lab. Candles lab. Observations. Calculations. Equations for chemical reactions. Mathematical calculations. Conclusions....»

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Molar solutions

Document abstract : «Before the experimenting phase of the lab, the students must first calculate the molarity of the given solutions so that exact reacting ratio will occur between the two solutions when mixed. One reactant will be constant, as in each lab the molarity...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Changes in the volume of the reactant . The mole ratio formula. Calculating the amount of precipitate. Materials for experiment. The procedure. Observation. Experimental errors. Conclusion....»

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Theory of everything

Document abstract : «This is a theory that represents the ultimate goal of science. It seeks to discover what the basic components of the material world are and what equations can be used to describe their movements. In refers to the discipline of physics and it is a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Pathological science. The major milestones on the road to the atomic bomb. The Hubble Space Telescope: Coalition Building. Albert Einstein. Conclusion. Reference list....»

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Concrete technology

Document abstract : «The presentation is based on concrete and starts with the objectives of the presentation and moves onto a review of the composition of concrete. It then moves towards RCC structures and covers points like methods used in the designing of RCC...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Coarse and fine aggregates. Methods of design of RCC structures. Codes used in RCC design. Grades of concrete and steel. Frequently asked questions. Workability of concrete. Water cement ratio strength and grade of concrete. Mix...»

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A report on activities on and around OFDM

Document abstract : «Multi-carrier communications are currently in a state of very rapid development, both in the introduction of new techniques and in its application to a wide variety of channels and services. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Multi path effect on high speed serial communication. OFDM implementation description using DFT. Transmitter implementation. Orthogonality concept. Receiver implementation. Block diagram of OFDM system. Guard interval...»

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National conference on power electronics and power systems 2008: Simulation of transient for power transmission lines

Document abstract : «Switching operations, faults, lightning surges, and other intended or unintended disturbances cause temporary high voltages and currents in power transmission lines. The system must withstand this high voltage with a certain probability or its...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. An overview of 'national conference on power electronics and power systems 2008'. Origin of transient in power system. Travellig waves phenomenon in analysis of transmission lines. The effect of short lenght of cable...»

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Study of the incompressible fluid-flow past a square cylinder in a viscous medium

Document abstract : «The present study makes an effort to find out the location of the drag, stream lines and contours of static pressure in the flow field passing through the square cylinder in incompressible viscous media. For this work, different values of Reynolds...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Modelling and analysis. Results and discussion. Comparison of static pressure of present study. Comparison of streamlines of present study. Conclusion. References....»

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Performance evaluation of diesel engines using blends of diehtyl ether and diesel and diethyl ether and bio diesel

Document abstract : «Producing and using renewable fuels for transportation is one approach for sustainable energy future for the world. With ever growing concerns on environmental pollution, energy security, and future oil supplies, the global community is seeking non...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract: Producing and using renewable fuels for transportation. Introduction to diesel engine. Experimental apparatus and procedure. The specifications of test engine. Results and discussion. Test fuel DEE and diesel blends. Test fuel DEE &...»

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Analytical design of tonnage plant for the separation of high purity Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon from atmospheric air

Document abstract : «Air is a mixture of various gases like as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, hydrogen, helium, neon, krypton, etc. These gases can be separated at cryogenics temperature by liquefying the components at different temperature & pressure. This paper presents the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract of the study. Introduction. List of nomenclature. The air separation technology and its use. Air booster separation. Air separation. Design of rectification column. Selection of the materials for cryogenic section of air plant. Data...»

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Power quality issues and mitigation of voltage dips using power conditioning equipment

Document abstract : «Most of the industrial loads are mainly controlled by power semiconductor devices. These devices make such loads more sensitive against power system disturbances. Thus, the power quality problems have gained more interest recently. This paper...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Power of quality issues. Power quality problems. Voltage dips. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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An overview of esoteric pollution EMI-EMC

Document abstract : «Water , air and Sound pollution is well within the human perception but esoteric pollution of frequency spectrum called Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) has to address in today's world of computerization where the emphasize is on high band width...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Elements of EMI. Sources of EMI. Elements affecting EMI on the receptor. EMC testing. Conclusion. References....»

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Improving the power factor of a circuit

Document abstract : «The power factor of a circuit implies that how efficiently power is being consumed or utilized in the circuit. The greater the power factor of a circuit, greater is the ability of the circuit to utilize apparent power. Thus if the power factor is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Power factor. Concept of active power and reactive power. Disadvantages of low power factor. Causes of low power factor . Some basic definitions. Methods of power factor improvement . Location of power factor correction equipment . Effect of series...»

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Product design and development of a 10kW Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade

Document abstract : «Wind power generation techniques are being promoted all over the world as a beneficial alternative among other renewable sources (Li, Chen 71). A wind turbine is defined as a rotating machine that is used to generate power by means of converting...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Preliminaries to product design. Definition of wind turbine. Types of modern wind turbine. Material for wind turbine blade and its properties. Wind turbine blade's tip speed ratio. Manufacturing processes for wind turbine...»

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Clustering of self organizing map

Document abstract : «This project is based on the research work on the clustering of Self Organizing Map. SOM is an excellent tool, which is utilized to visualize the properties of data. The number of SOM units is larger than it is clustered in similar group. Use the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Neural network. Application and neural network. Supervised and unsupervised learning. Self organizing map. Clustering . Types of clustering. Required analysis and specification. Introduction. Feasibility. Preparation of SRS. Software...»

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Analysis and fabrication of the model of a crane with pneumatic lift

Document abstract : «Within this dissertation, the manufacturing and fabrication of a prototype of a crane with a pneumatic lift is explained with the help of detailed diagrams. The project is held to covert each and every drop of theoretical knowledge into a crude...»

Synopsis abstract : «Chapter 1. Introduction. Project aim. Methodology . Overview. Relevance of Project . Chapter 2. Crane history. Development of the cranes . Ancient Roman cranes. Medieval cranes. Origins. Structure and placement. Mechanics and operation. Harbor...»

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A presentation on the hydrodynamic modeling of circulating fluidized bed

Document abstract : «Fluidization is an operation through which fine granular solids are transformed into a fluid like state through contact with a gas or liquid. An increase in the gas velocity through a granular solid brings about changes in the mode of gas solid...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction . Objectives. Procedure. Radial solids flux variations . Results and discussions. Modeling aspects. Calculation of entrainment flux ....»

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Hydrodynamic modeling of circulating fluidized bed

Document abstract : «Fluidization is an operation through which fine granular solids are transformed into a fluid like state through contact with a gas or liquid. Under the fluidized state the gravitational pull on granular solid particles is offset by the fluid drag on...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction to fluidization. The use of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). Mathematical modeling of CFB. Objective of the present work. The literature review. A brief history of fluidization. Powder classification. Application of...»

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Evaluation and application of vat dye on cotton fabrics using hydros with glucose or sucrose as a reducing agent

Document abstract : «Although the synthetic fibers have dominated the textile market, consumer has still preference towards cotton. Today cotton can be manufactured but the natural merits obtained in cotton cultivated in different areas of the country cannot be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract of synthetic fibers. Acknowledgements. List of tables. List of figures. Introduction and literature survey. Aim of the project. Materials and methods. Results and discussions. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Dyeing with sulfur dyes

Document abstract : «Sulfur dyes are mainly used for dyeing cellulosic fibers for corduroy articles, work wears and men's outer wear (woven and knitted goods) and lcisurewcar. Polyester/cotton blend fabric is another important area of application of sulfur dyes. Silk,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Chemical constitution of sulfur dyes. Dyeing with sulfur dyes. Classification of sulfur dyes. The reduction of sulfur dyes. Dyeing of cotton with soluble form of sulfur dyes. Two -bath padding method. Bibliography....»

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Mathematical modeling for axial voidage distribution in CFB

Document abstract : «Kwauk proposed that the characteristic fine particle distribution in fast fluidization could not be accounted for by the one-dimensional analysis on accelerative motion of particulate fluidization, and presented a physical model for a gas-solid fast...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The random particle motion phenomena . The nature of the clusters . Calculation of entrainment flux. Calculation of down ward flux at different heights of the CFB....»

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Prediction of annual down flow layer thickness in circulating fluidized beds

Document abstract : «he solids distribution in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) has been extensively studied because of its importance in design of CFB boilers and reactors. In circulating fluidized bed, normally, the upper region consists of a dilute core surrounded by...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Experimental aspects. Results and discussions. Estimation of solids down flow film thickness. Cluster properties. Modification of Yerushalmi's theory: Effects of acceleration and friction. Corelation for solids down flow film...»

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Axial hydrodynamics

Document abstract : «Many studies have appeared in the literature dealing axial solids distribution along CFB risers (e.g. Yerushalmi et al, 1976: Kwauk et al, 1986: Arena et al 1991, Bai et al 1992). It is most often represented as either a plot of the radially...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The characteristics of fluidization regimes . The behavior of a high velocity circulating fluidized bed . Extending entrainment models developed originally for bubbling fluid beds. Findidngs. Comparing hydrodynamic characteristics...»

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The process of reactive distillation

Document abstract : «Reactive distillation is the combination of separation and reaction ina single vessel. Today Reactive Distillation is discussed as a part of the broader area of reaction and separation, which comprises of many combination of chemical reaction with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Advantages of reactive distillation process. Literarure review. Reactive distillation of lactic acid. Residue curve maps. Scope of the present work. Objective of work aimed. Industrial importance of butyl lactate. Materials and...»

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Concentration/evaporation of the juices

Document abstract : «The fruit juice processing industry is one of the world's major agro-based businesses. Orange juice dominates in juice trade worldwide. Juice is a liquid that is naturally contained in vegetable or fruit tissue. Juice may be supplied in concentrate...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Why concentrate a juice?. Fruit juice technology. Preserving. Thermal processing. Non thermal processing. Juices concentration by evaporation. Principles. Principles of recovery volatile compounds. Evaporators for fruit juice...»

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Co-generation (18 slides)

Document abstract : «In this presentation you will learn a bit about Co-generation. It is the concept of producing two forms of energy from one fuel. Co-generation (also combined heat and power or CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously...»

Synopsis abstract : «What is co-generation?. Why cogeneration. Types of plants. Methods for cogeneration. Geothermal power in Iceland. Trigeneration . Distributed generation . Biogas powerplant . Applications. Concluding remarks....»

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Determination of outer sphere and total Chloride content, and formula of unknown Co complex by ion exchange chromatography and Fajan's method

Document abstract : «The objective of this lab is to determine the formula of an unknown Co (III) complex through determination of outer sphere chloride content and hence total chloride content in the complex. Co (III) tends to form numerous coordination complexes, of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Experimental preparation of resin column. Outer sphere chloride analysis. Total (outer and inner) sphere chloride analysis. Results. References....»

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The UV-vis spectra of conjugated dyes are interpreted using the multielectron particle-in-a-box model

Document abstract : «The purpose of this lab is to observe how a real system may be approximated using the simple quantum mechanical model of a one-dimensional particle-in-a-box. Due to the arrangement of the electrons in the conjugated dyes, some electrons are free to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Determination of Avogadro's Number by Spreading A Monolayer of Stearic Acid on a Known Surface Area

Document abstract : «Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadro's constant(№)is the number of molecules in one mole of any substance, and it is known to be 6.02 x 1023....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Results. Table of results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Determining enthalpies of reaction by Calorimetry

Document abstract : «The purpose of this lab is to determine the specific heat of the calorimeter, the enthalpy changes of 4 different reactions, namely Heat of Solution of NaOH(s), Heat of Solution of KNO3(s), the Heat of Neutralization of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq), and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The equation . Sample calculation. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Using UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the kinetics of bromophenol blue

Document abstract : «The purpose of this lab is to determine the rate constant and order of reaction for an acid-base indicator, bromophenol blue. Bromophenol blue (BP) displays a color change from yellow to purple in the pH range of 3 to 4.5. In strong alkaline...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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VSAT: Satellite communications

Document abstract : «This report provides a review and assessment of satellite technologies for providing broadband data communications using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) network systems. In this context, "broadband" means that the application requires a data...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A report on the review and assessment of satellite technologies. An introduction to VSAT or 'Very Small Aperture Terminal'. Typical applications for interactive VSAT networks. Band frequencies. The C-band. The Ku-band. The...»

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Slurry transport

Document abstract : «In Slurry Transport, the solids are first ground to fine grain size and made into slurry with a liquid medium. The slurry is then pumped through the pipes to a desired destination. Even though the concept of slurry pipelining was known at the turn...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Literature review. Theory. Types of slurries. Slurry characteristics . Basic flow characteristics. Time-dependent flow characteristics. Slurry viscosity. Effect of particle size distribution on slurry viscosity. Pump...»

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Azeotropic distillation

Document abstract : «Distillation is the most widely used separation technique in the chemical and petroleum industry. However not all liquid mixtures are amenable to ordinary fractional distillation. When the components of the system have low relative volatilities...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Definition of distillation. The literature review. What is an azeotrope?. Entrainer addition methods. Extractive distillation. Homogeneous azeotropic distillation. Heterogeneous azeotropic...»

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The process of heat transfer

Document abstract : «Direct contact heat transfer is a fundamental process by which heat transfer occurs in nature. It is used for the improvement of cooling or heating processes, in terms of characteristic time, compactness and energy costs. Direct contact heat...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. What is direct contact heat transfer?. The literature review. Theory. The materials and methods of the study. Advantages and disadvantages. Applications. Conclusion. References....»

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Applications of neural networks in chemical engineering

Document abstract : «Neural networks, which are simplified models of the biological nervous system, is a massively parallel distributed processing system made up of highly interconnected neural computing elements that have the ability to learn and there by require...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Neural networks as simplified models of biological nervous system. The literature review. The theory. Models of artificial neural networks. Materials and methods of the study. Specific remarks. Conclusion. List of ...»

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Three phase fluidization

Document abstract : «Gas-Liquid-Solid fluidized beds have emerged in recent years as one of the most promising devices for three phase operation. This operation generates considerable, intimate contact among the gas, liquid and solid particles in these systems. It...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Literature review. Theory. Definition . Modes of operation. Hydrodynamics of gas-liquid-solid fluidization. Heat and mass transfer of three phase fluidization...»

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Micro reactors and process intensification

Document abstract : «In recent decades there has been a significant increase in the energy efficiency of the process industry by optimization of unit operations. In many cases the limits of what can be done on a unit-operation scale have been reached. To develop...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. What is process intensification?. Micro reactor technology. What is a micro reactor?. Advantages. Limitations. Applications. Conclusion. References....»

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Biodiesel: A cleaner source of energy

Document abstract : «A majority of the countries in the world are importers of petroleum and its products. The fossil fuels are being consumed at a rate, which is a million times faster than their rate of formation. The prices of petroleum products are mounting at an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The concept of biodiesel as a cleaner source of energy. History. Methods of production. Alkali-catalyzed process to manufacture biodiesel. Process description. Process flow chart. Factors affecting the...»

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Pneumatic valves

Document abstract : «Today the performance requirements of process plants are becoming increasingly difficult to satisfy. In fact, without process control it is difficult to operate most modern processes safely and profitably. To understand the process dynamics and its...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Important notes. Description. Technical specifications. Installation. Commissioning. Flow circulation. Control valve operation. Maintenance and troubleshooting. Problems and causes. Experimentation. Type of control valves. Valve...»

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Bio-diesel: An Eco-friendly alternative

Document abstract : «Today, an attempt is made to find alternative, nonrenewable energy sources to replace conventional fossil fuels. Currently national energy demands are exponentially increasing as we are progressing into digital age and the population is increasing....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Bio-diesel as an eco-friendly alternative. History. Sources. Advantages. How does it work?. Methods of producing bio diesel. Kinetics and mechanism of bio diesel. Industrial prractice of bio diesel. The key features of Lurgi's...»

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Compact heat exchangers

Document abstract : «A heat exchanger that has a large surface area per unit volume is called a compact heat exchanger. The ratio of the heat transfer surface area to that of a heat exchanger to its volume is called area density 'β'. A heat exchanger with...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The definition of compact heat exchanger. What is plate heat exchanger. Materials of construction. Advantages and disadvantages. Spiral-plate and spiral-tube heat exchangers. Some recent development in plate heat...»

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Evaporative pertraction

Document abstract : «Evaporative Pertraction is membrane processes that has fascinating advantages over conventional process for the separation of volatile solutes from aqueous solutions. This novel athermal Membrane separation process retains flavors and fragrances...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. What is evaporative pertraction process?. Pertraction: an economically attractive process. Literature review. Process. Features of pertraction. Economical features. Methods for the pertraction process. Applications of membrane...»

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Common effluent treatment methods

Document abstract : «Pollution may be defined as any condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects or changes in physical, chemical, biological, radiological properties of air, water, soil. Such...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Definition of pollution. The literature review. The waste water treatement. The theory of gaseous effluent treatment. Advantages. Disadvantages. Conclusion. References....»

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Taking a closer look at coal

Document abstract : «The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before the late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca. 1000 AD. Mineral coal was referred to as sea-coal, either because it was found on beaches occasionally having...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Origin of coal. Coal as fuel. Review of the literature. Method of the study. Composition of coal. Types of coal. Distillation of coal or pyrolysis. Conclusion. References....»

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Methods for removal of H2S from effluent gas

Document abstract : «The environment performs three basic functions in relation to man. First, it provides living space and other amenities that make life qualitatively rich for man. Second, the environment is a source of agricultural, mineral, water and other resources...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Three basic functions of environment. Estimation of Hydrogen Sulphide. Removal process of Hydrogen Sulphide. Thelist of chemicals used for making scrubbing liquid solution. Conclusion. References....»

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Crystal growth and its characterization

Document abstract : «Recent developments in semiconductor research technology over that last decade have lead to a renew interest in the growth of single crystals with better physical perfection and high crystal growth is newly emerging field in this study of material...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction . Fundamental process in crystal growth. Techniques of crystal growth. Experimental setup. Introduction. Selection of compounds for crystal...»

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Ion selective electrode potentiometry

Document abstract : «The use of ISEP offers great selectivity in the determination of trace elements. With the utilization of a fluoride ion selective electrode, the concentration within the unknown sample were determined to be approximately 0.0423 +/- 3.5x10-4 mol/L....»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract. Introduction. Theory. Experimental procedure. Results/ discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Study of DC drives

Document abstract : «In general practice in industrial applications machine tools make use of motors for their feed applications where in, speed of this motors are controlled in conventional methods i.e., Ward-Leonard system, multiple voltage control, rheostatic...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction to DC motors.. Introduction.. DC motor principle.. Types of motors.. Shunt motor and seperately excited motor.. Series motor.. Cumulative compound.. Starting of a DC motor.. Braking.. Regenerative braking.. Conclusion.. . Speed...»

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Study on impeller manufacturing for centrifugal fans

Document abstract : «The Tail Rotor Spindle is the one of the main component in the Helicopters. The helicopters are used for transportation, for construction, for firefighting, search and rescue, and a variety of other jobs that requires its special...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Helicopter.. Uses of helicopters.. How helicopters fly.. Helicopter rotor system.. Single main rotor.. The main rotor.. The tail rotor.. Metrology of tail rotor spindle.. Material used for tail rotor spindle.. Applications of titanium...»

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A study of the power press

Document abstract : «Press is a tool used to work on sheet metal to convert its shape to the required item. Power presses are used for producing large quantities of components quickly, accurately and economically from the cold working of mild steel and other ductile...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract.. Introduction.. The power press.. Components of the press.. Major components.. Methods of classifying the press.. According to the force of power.. According to the number of rams and slides.. According to the mechanism of the power...»

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Gamma ray spectroscopy using a scintillator detector

Document abstract : «The aim of the experiment is to learn about the basic techniques of gamma ray energy spectroscopy and the interpretation of a spectrum, using a NaI(TI) detector. We obtained the spectra of two gamma sources using a spectrometer and the Maestro...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Experimental details.. The spectra.. The background.. Results.. The spectra.. The energy resolution.. The absolute activity.. Discussion.. The Spectra.. The resolution.. The absolute activity.. Error on the...»

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Fuel cells

Document abstract : «What are the limiting factors in the introduction of PEM fuel cells into mobile power generation? What areas of research are being carried out to address these limitations and which of these do you feel will have the biggest impact in enabling the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Current use of the fuel cells in mobile applications.. Limiting factors to the use of fuel cells into mobile application.. Fuel cell related issues.. Hydrogen related issues.. High cost and low availability of hydrogen.. Current areas...»

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The basic principle of a rocket

Document abstract : «At first sight, a rocket seems to be about fire, noise and smoke. The basic principle of rocket is the famous Newtonian principle which says that "To every action, there is an equal and opposite action". A rocket throws mass in one direction and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The basic principle of rocket.. The first man who invented the rocket.. Solid fuel.. Liquid-fuel rockets.. Air-breathing rockets.. Electromagnetic.. Nuclear rockets.. Bibliography.....»

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Computer simulation study of ionic and non ionic hydration

Document abstract : «Liquids, solution, and liquid crystals present local, but not long-range order. On one hand particles in liquids interacts much strongly than the particles in gas, and this prevents the use of the usual statistical mechanics methods to predict their...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Modeling molecular liquids with computers.. The structure of liquid water at ambient conditions.. The ionic solvation.. Ionic hydration in infinitely dilute solutions.. Effect of the temperature and density for Na+.. Solvation of...»

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Applications of NMR imaging in processing of foods

Document abstract : «Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), originally developed for medical applications, has recently been exploited for observation and characterization of foodstuffs and their manufacture. MRI and its related techniques have already proven useful in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Theory of magnetic resonance imaging.. Gradients.. Crystallization and freezing.. Crystallization.. Freezing.. Diffusion.. Emulsions.. Synersis.. Flow.. Time-of-flight techniques.. Velocity-encoding techniques.. Aseptic processing...»

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NASA: Past, present and future

Document abstract : «As with any industry, there have been many high and low points to the space programs. Many of the low points came as loss of both life and much money. These also came mostly in the beginning of the space programs when we were still unsure of many...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. High and low points.. The Challenger Disaster.. How NASA has been important to us in the past and how it will continue to help us.. NASA's development.. The fuel to start NASA.. The first NASA program.. Disasters on the Apollo...»

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NASA

Document abstract : «NASA began full operation on October 1, 1958, after the National Advisor Committee on Aeronautics was abolished. Getting a little head start, NASA inherited the committee's facilities, laboratories, and personnel and immediately set to work planning...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Begining of full operations - October 1, 1958.. An agency truly committed to space.. John F. Kennedy's proposal of going to the moon.. The landing - July 20, 1969.. NASA and Apollo 1.. The Hubble Space Telescope.. The plan to build...»

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Problems associated with unsupervised classification of high resolution imagery ( pictures included )

Document abstract : «Early satellite systems with multispectral resolutions on the order of 20m (SPOT 1 - 4) or 30m (Landsat 4 - 7) have been able to obtain imagery of sufficient resolution to effectively classify areas with large contiguous areas of information...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Scene information and classification approach.. Difficulties with classifying a QuickBird image.. Division of the scene into two image.. Viewing the resulting image.. Vector mask approach.. Water - the primary feature to be...»

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Applications of aqueous equilibria

Document abstract : «When AgNO3 is added to a saturated solution of AgCl, it is often described as a source of a common ion, the Ag+ ion. By definition, a common ion is an ion that enters the solution from two different sources. Solutions to which both NaCl and AgCl...»

Synopsis abstract : «Solution containing weak acid HA and its salt NaA.. Common ion effect.. Common Ion-ion produced by both acid and its salt.. Equilibrium calculations.. Buffered solutions.. Preparing a buffer.. Calculate the pH of the following buffer...»

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Equilibrium: Heat energy

Document abstract : «Heat is energy flowing from a high temperature object to a low temperature object. When the two objects are at the same temperature, there is no net flow of energy or heat. That is why a covered cup of coffee will not be colder than or warmer than...»

Synopsis abstract : «Chemical equilibrium.. Beginning of reaction.. Haber process.. Static equilibrium.. Dynamic equilibrium.. Heterogeneous equilibria.. Manipulating the equilibrium law.. Application of equilibrium constant.. Reaction quotient (Q).. Solving equilibrium...»

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The development and application of hydrogen energy in the United States

Document abstract : «In his State of the Union Address, President Bush made the observation that the United States had become addicted to foreign oil. The recent surge in gas prices is clearly reflective of this addiction. Americans have become so reticent in their oil...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Hydrogen Energy?An Overview. Research on Hydrogen Energy. Conclusion....»

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EDTA Titration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Bottled Water

Document abstract : «The objective of this experiment is to determine the total concentration of metal ions required to completely react with EDTA, or ethylene diamine tetra-acetate. The concentration determined will then be taken as the equivalent concentration of...»

Synopsis abstract : «EDTA titration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in bottled water. Objective. Procedure. Apparatus. Data and sample calculations. Results and discussion. Titration with EDTA using Hydroxynaphthol indicator....»

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How Mad is Reefer?

Document abstract : «From the age of twelve and older nearly 40% of our country, about 98 million Americans, has used Cannabis sativa for its psychological and physiological effects in much the same way as it has been throughout recorded history (AMA Council). This...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The governments say in how one chooses to treat oneself . The argument for those against . Deciding if cannabis creates adverse medical problems . Cerebral palsy . The status of Tourette's Syndrome . The Compassionate Investigational...»

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Gas Chromatography

Document abstract : «Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze chemicals. It was initially discovered in the early 1900's by chemist Mikhail Tsvett who was researching chlorophyll to separate plant pigments.1 The components undergoing separation are...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Procedure. Results. Discussion. Conclusion. References....»

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Generating Electricity

Document abstract : «The blade of a turbine is tilted an angle. Movement of the air is channeled creating low and high pressures on the blade that force it to move. The blade is connected to a shaft which in turn is connected to an electrical generator. The...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Problems with wind power. Offshore vs. onshore. Locations. Bibliography....»

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Development in LSD Synthesis

Document abstract : «LSD, the common abbreviation for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25, often termed "acid" in the streets, is one of the most potent hallucinogenic substances known to man. The chemical was actually synthesized for the first time in 1938 by a German...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Synthesizing LSD-25 . The traditional synthesis of the compound. The process. Obtaining the crystals of Lysergic acid from the LSA. Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Ka and Buffer Titrations

Document abstract : «As living things, we are highly sensitive to changes in our environment; this doesn't only mean changes outside our body, but changes from within also. For the cells in our bodies to function properly a certain temperature and pH has to be...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Methods. Results. Discusion. Works cited....»

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Experiment: Mole Ratios, Limiting and Excess Reactants and Precent Yield

Document abstract : «The purpose of this lab is as follows: To use mole ratios to predict the amount of precipitate formed, to use mole ratios to study the effect of reactant molarity on the yield of product, to use mole ratios to study limiting and excess reactants,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Purpose: . Theory:. Materials. Procedure-. Observations. Experiment Errors. Conclusion. Sometimes the smallest occurrences are a big deal in chemistry and it is important to note them and acknowledge that they exist.....»

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Chemical Changes

Document abstract : «The purpose of this lab was to find out the indications of chemical changes and reactions when mixing two different substances, which are listed specifically in the Observations section. The purpose is also to find out how a percent by mass solution...»

Synopsis abstract : «Purpose. Theory. Materials. Procedure . Observations. Errors. Other Observations. Conclusions....»

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Ferromagnetism and the Curie-Weiss Law

Document abstract : «In "Ferromagnetism and the Curie-Weiss Law" the author will start by giving a more complete derivation of the Curie-Weiss law, which might make a few points clearer. Then he will try to address some of your questions more directly. The author...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Detailed derivation of the Curie Weiss Law. Introducing the concept of Curie temperature....»

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Position of the Fermi Level for Extrinsic Semiconductors: Additional Notes for Solid State Physics

Document abstract : «In "Position of the Fermi Level for Extrinsic Semiconductors" the author will talk a little more in detail about doped semiconductors. Here, the author answers the following questions: (i) What is the position of the Fermi level for an extrinsic...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. What is the position of the Fermi level for an extrinsic semiconductor?. What is the concentration of electrons(holes) in the conduction(valence) band?. The problem from 2006 university exam....»

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Quantum Dots : A Brief Overview

Document abstract : «Over the past few decades there has been immense interest in Quantum Dots. In this report the author will outline some of the fabrication techniques, basic theory, and a few important properties of QDs. There are various different kinds of Quantum...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. What are quantum dots?. Etched dots. Split metal gates. Self assembled dots. Electronic properties . Applications . Spin based quantum computing. Conclusion. References....»

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