«Hardness has been defined in several ways over time, mostly by physicists, metallurgists and engineers. Different definitions range from hardness being defined as a collection of properties of a material more or less related to each other to...» Summary abstract
«The presentation is based on concrete and starts with the objectives of the presentation and moves onto a review of the composition of concrete. It then moves towards RCC structures and covers points like methods used in the designing of RCC...» Summary abstract
«Multi-carrier communications are currently in a state of very rapid development, both in the introduction of new techniques and in its application to a wide variety of channels and services. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a...» Summary abstract
«Switching operations, faults, lightning surges, and other intended or unintended disturbances cause
temporary high voltages and currents in power transmission lines. The system must withstand this high voltage with a certain probability or its...» Summary abstract
«The present study makes an effort to find out the location of the drag, stream lines and contours of static pressure in the flow field passing through the square cylinder in incompressible viscous media. For this work, different values of Reynolds...» Summary abstract
«One of the main problems associated with the welding of ferritic steels is that of hydrogen assisted
cracking (HAC), popularly known as cold cracking or delayed cracking. As the name suggests, it is
caused by hydrogen present in the weld metal....» Summary abstract
«Producing and using renewable fuels for transportation is one approach for sustainable energy future for the world. With ever growing concerns on environmental pollution, energy security, and future oil supplies, the global community is seeking non...» Summary abstract
«Air is a mixture of various gases like as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, hydrogen, helium, neon, krypton, etc. These gases can be separated at cryogenics temperature by liquefying the components at different temperature & pressure. This paper presents the...» Summary abstract
«Most of the industrial loads are mainly controlled by power semiconductor devices. These devices make such loads more sensitive against power system disturbances. Thus, the power quality problems have gained more interest recently. This paper...» Summary abstract
«Water , air and Sound pollution is well within the human perception but esoteric pollution of frequency spectrum called Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) has to address in today's world of computerization where the emphasize is on high band width...» Summary abstract
«The power factor of a circuit implies that how efficiently power is being consumed or utilized in the circuit. The greater the power factor of a circuit, greater is the ability of the circuit to utilize apparent power. Thus if the power factor is...» Summary abstract
«Wind power generation techniques are being promoted all over the world as a beneficial alternative among other renewable sources (Li, Chen 71). A wind turbine is defined as a rotating machine that is used to generate power by means of converting...» Summary abstract
«This project is based on the research work on the clustering of Self Organizing Map. SOM is an excellent tool, which is utilized to visualize the properties of data. The number of SOM units is larger than it is clustered in similar group. Use the...» Summary abstract
«Within this dissertation, the manufacturing and fabrication of a prototype of a crane with a pneumatic lift is explained with the help of detailed diagrams. The project is held to covert each and every drop of theoretical knowledge into a crude...» Summary abstract
«Fluidization is an operation through which fine granular solids are transformed into a fluid like state through contact with a gas or liquid. An increase in the gas velocity through a granular solid brings about changes in the mode of gas solid...» Summary abstract
«Phthalic Anhydride is an important aromatic di-carboxylic acid anhydride. It is an ortho-derivative of phthalic acid. The raw materials are air and o-xylene. The o-xylene feed, which may be considered pure and at 0.75 atm, is pumped to 3 atm and...» Summary abstract
«Fluidization is an operation through which fine granular solids are transformed into a fluid like state through contact with a gas or liquid. Under the fluidized state the gravitational pull on granular solid particles is offset by the fluid drag on...» Summary abstract
«Although the synthetic fibers have dominated the textile market, consumer has still preference towards cotton. Today cotton can be manufactured but the natural merits obtained in cotton cultivated in different areas of the country cannot be...» Summary abstract
«Sulfur dyes are mainly used for dyeing cellulosic fibers for corduroy articles, work wears and men's outer wear (woven and knitted goods) and lcisurewcar. Polyester/cotton blend fabric is another important area of application of sulfur dyes. Silk,...» Summary abstract
«Kwauk proposed that the characteristic fine particle distribution in fast fluidization could not be accounted for by the one-dimensional analysis on accelerative motion of particulate fluidization, and presented a physical model for a gas-solid fast...» Summary abstract
«he solids distribution in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) has been extensively studied because of its importance in design of CFB boilers and reactors. In circulating fluidized bed, normally, the upper region consists of a dilute core surrounded by...» Summary abstract
«Many studies have appeared in the literature dealing axial solids distribution along CFB risers (e.g. Yerushalmi et al, 1976: Kwauk et al, 1986: Arena et al 1991, Bai et al 1992). It is most often represented as either a plot of the radially...» Summary abstract
«Reactive distillation is the combination of separation and reaction ina single vessel. Today Reactive Distillation is discussed as a part of the broader area of reaction and separation, which comprises of many combination of chemical reaction with...» Summary abstract
«The fruit juice processing industry is one of the world's major agro-based businesses. Orange juice dominates in juice trade worldwide. Juice is a liquid that is naturally contained in vegetable or fruit tissue. Juice may be supplied in concentrate...» Summary abstract
«In this presentation you will learn a bit about Co-generation. It is the concept of producing two forms of energy from one fuel. Co-generation (also combined heat and power or CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously...» Summary abstract
«The objective of this lab is to determine the formula of an unknown Co (III) complex through determination of outer sphere chloride content and hence total chloride content in the complex. Co (III) tends to form numerous coordination complexes, of...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab is to observe how a real system may be approximated using the simple quantum mechanical model of a one-dimensional particle-in-a-box. Due to the arrangement of the electrons in the conjugated dyes, some electrons are free to...» Summary abstract
«The objective of this experiment is to synthesize ammonium decavanadate (NH4)6V10O28.6H2O and ammonium trivanadate NH4V3O8 and subsequently determine the water and vanadium content in ammonium decavanadate. Vanadium in the +5 oxidation state forms...» Summary abstract
«Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadro's constant(№)is the number of molecules in one mole of any substance, and it is known to be 6.02 x 1023....» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab is to determine the specific heat of the calorimeter, the enthalpy changes of 4 different reactions, namely Heat of Solution of NaOH(s), Heat of Solution of KNO3(s), the Heat of Neutralization of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq), and...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab is to determine the rate constant and order of reaction for an acid-base indicator, bromophenol blue. Bromophenol blue (BP) displays a color change from yellow to purple in the pH range of 3 to 4.5. In strong alkaline...» Summary abstract
«This report provides a review and assessment of satellite technologies for providing broadband data communications using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) network systems. In this context, "broadband" means that the application requires a data...» Summary abstract
«In Slurry Transport, the solids are first ground to fine grain size and made into slurry with a liquid medium. The slurry is then pumped through the pipes to a desired destination. Even though the concept of slurry pipelining was known at the turn...» Summary abstract
«Distillation is the most widely used separation technique in the chemical and petroleum industry. However not all liquid mixtures are amenable to ordinary fractional distillation. When the components of the system have low relative volatilities...» Summary abstract
«Direct contact heat transfer is a fundamental process by which heat transfer occurs in nature. It is used for the improvement of cooling or heating processes, in terms of characteristic time, compactness and energy costs. Direct contact heat...» Summary abstract
«Neural networks, which are simplified models of the biological nervous system, is a massively parallel distributed processing system made up of highly interconnected neural computing elements that have the ability to learn and there by require...» Summary abstract
«Gas-Liquid-Solid fluidized beds have emerged in recent years as one of the most promising devices for three phase operation. This operation generates considerable, intimate contact among the gas, liquid and solid particles in these systems. It...» Summary abstract
«In recent decades there has been a significant increase in the energy efficiency of the process industry by optimization of unit operations. In many cases the limits of what can be done on a unit-operation scale have been reached. To develop...» Summary abstract
«A majority of the countries in the world are importers of petroleum and its products. The fossil fuels are being consumed at a rate, which is a million times faster than their rate of formation. The prices of petroleum products are mounting at an...» Summary abstract
«Today the performance requirements of process plants are becoming increasingly difficult to satisfy. In fact, without process control it is difficult to operate most modern processes safely and profitably. To understand the process dynamics and its...» Summary abstract
«Today, an attempt is made to find alternative, nonrenewable energy sources to replace conventional fossil fuels. Currently national energy demands are exponentially increasing as we are progressing into digital age and the population is increasing....» Summary abstract
«A heat exchanger that has a large surface area per unit volume is called a compact heat exchanger. The ratio of the heat transfer surface area to that of a heat exchanger to its volume is called area density 'β'. A heat exchanger with...» Summary abstract
«Evaporative Pertraction is membrane processes that has fascinating advantages over conventional process for the separation of volatile solutes from aqueous solutions. This novel athermal Membrane separation process retains flavors and fragrances...» Summary abstract
«Pollution may be defined as any condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects or changes in physical, chemical, biological, radiological properties of air, water, soil. Such...» Summary abstract
«The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before the late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca. 1000 AD. Mineral coal was referred to as sea-coal, either because it was found on beaches occasionally having...» Summary abstract
«The environment performs three basic functions in relation to man. First, it provides living space and other amenities that make life qualitatively rich for man. Second, the environment is a source of agricultural, mineral, water and other resources...» Summary abstract
«Recent developments in semiconductor research technology over that last decade have lead to a renew interest in the growth of single crystals with better physical perfection and high crystal growth is newly emerging field in this study of material...» Summary abstract
«The use of ISEP offers great selectivity in the determination of trace elements. With the utilization of a fluoride ion selective electrode, the concentration within the unknown sample were determined to be approximately 0.0423 +/- 3.5x10-4 mol/L....» Summary abstract
«In general practice in industrial applications machine tools make use of motors for their feed applications where in, speed of this motors are controlled in conventional methods i.e., Ward-Leonard system, multiple voltage control, rheostatic...» Summary abstract
«The Tail Rotor Spindle is the one of the main component in the Helicopters. The helicopters are used for transportation, for construction, for firefighting, search and rescue, and a variety of other jobs that requires its special...» Summary abstract
«Press is a tool used to work on sheet metal to convert its shape to the required item. Power presses are used for producing large quantities of components quickly, accurately and economically from the cold working of mild steel and other ductile...» Summary abstract
«The aim of the experiment is to learn about the basic techniques of gamma ray energy spectroscopy and the interpretation of a spectrum, using a NaI(TI) detector. We obtained the spectra of two gamma sources using a spectrometer and the Maestro...» Summary abstract
«What are the limiting factors in the introduction of PEM fuel cells into mobile power generation? What areas of research are being carried out to address these limitations and which of these do you feel will have the biggest impact in enabling the...» Summary abstract
«At first sight, a rocket seems to be about fire, noise and smoke. The basic principle of rocket is the famous Newtonian principle which says that "To every action, there is an equal and opposite action". A rocket throws mass in one direction and...» Summary abstract
«Liquids, solution, and liquid crystals present local, but not long-range order. On one hand particles in liquids interacts much strongly than the particles in gas, and this prevents the use of the usual statistical mechanics methods to predict their...» Summary abstract
«Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), originally developed for medical applications, has recently been exploited for observation and characterization of foodstuffs and their manufacture. MRI and its related techniques have already proven useful in...» Summary abstract
«As with any industry, there have been many high and low points to the space programs. Many of the low points came as loss of both life and much money. These also came mostly in the beginning of the space programs when we were still unsure of many...» Summary abstract
«NASA began full operation on October 1, 1958, after the National Advisor Committee on Aeronautics was abolished. Getting a little head start, NASA inherited the committee's facilities, laboratories, and personnel and immediately set to work planning...» Summary abstract
«Early satellite systems with multispectral resolutions on the order of 20m (SPOT 1 - 4) or 30m (Landsat 4 - 7) have been able to obtain imagery of sufficient resolution to effectively classify areas with large contiguous areas of information...» Summary abstract
«When AgNO3 is added to a saturated solution of AgCl, it is often described as a source of a common ion, the Ag+ ion. By definition, a common ion is an ion that enters the solution from two different sources. Solutions to which both NaCl and AgCl...» Summary abstract
«Heat is energy flowing from a high temperature object to a low temperature object. When the two objects are at the same temperature, there is no net flow of energy or heat. That is why a covered cup of coffee will not be colder than or warmer than...» Summary abstract
«In his State of the Union Address, President Bush made the observation that the United States had become addicted to foreign oil. The recent surge in gas prices is clearly reflective of this addiction. Americans have become so reticent in their oil...» Summary abstract
«The objective of this experiment is to determine the total concentration of metal ions required to completely react with EDTA, or ethylene diamine tetra-acetate. The concentration determined will then be taken as the equivalent concentration of...» Summary abstract
«From the age of twelve and older nearly 40% of our country, about 98 million Americans, has used Cannabis sativa for its psychological and physiological effects in much the same way as it has been throughout recorded history (AMA Council). This...» Summary abstract
«Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze chemicals. It was initially discovered in the early 1900's by chemist Mikhail Tsvett who was researching chlorophyll to separate plant pigments.1 The components undergoing separation are...» Summary abstract
«The blade of a turbine is tilted an angle.
Movement of the air is channeled creating low and high pressures on the blade that force it to move.
The blade is connected to a shaft which in turn is connected to an electrical generator.
The...» Summary abstract
«LSD, the common abbreviation for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25, often termed "acid" in the streets, is one of the most potent hallucinogenic substances known to man. The chemical was actually synthesized for the first time in 1938 by a German...» Summary abstract
«As living things, we are highly sensitive to changes in our environment; this doesn't only mean changes outside our body, but changes from within also. For the cells in our bodies to function properly a certain temperature and pH has to be...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab is as follows: To use mole ratios to predict the amount of precipitate formed, to use mole ratios to study the effect of reactant molarity on the yield of product, to use mole ratios to study limiting and excess reactants,...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab was to find out the indications of chemical changes and reactions when mixing two different substances, which are listed specifically in the Observations section. The purpose is also to find out how a percent by mass solution...» Summary abstract
«In "Ferromagnetism and the Curie-Weiss Law" the author will start by giving a more complete derivation of the Curie-Weiss law,
which might make a few points clearer. Then he will try to address some of your
questions more directly. The author...» Summary abstract
«In "Position of the Fermi Level for Extrinsic Semiconductors" the author will talk a little more in detail about doped semiconductors. Here, the author answers the following questions:
(i) What is the position of the Fermi level for an extrinsic...» Summary abstract
«Over the past few decades there has been immense interest in Quantum Dots. In this report the author will outline some of the fabrication techniques, basic theory, and a few important properties of QDs. There are various different kinds of Quantum...» Summary abstract
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Document>physics & chemistry