Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

Cultural diversity is a source of international competitive advantage. Critically evaluate

Document abstract : «Most of companies employ people from different culture and want to manage them in order to use in the best way as possible this diversity. The management of this kind of workers must be adapted. To become a real international competitive advantage,...»

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The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th century and their consequences

Document abstract : «At first the king seemed inclined to work with the revolution and to try to solve the problems. But the influence of the queen and of the courtiers were too strong. He was encouraged by them to disregard all promises he had made and sought to flee...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The debate on the trial and the condemnation of Louis XVI during the 18th Century and their consequences. Anger towards the King . Xenophobia's role. The storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries . The important disagreements . The...»

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The UK and the Euro

Document abstract : «Exposé en Anglais sur le Royaume-Uni et un passage éventuel à l'euro, qui examine les différents arguments favorables et opposés à l'adoption de la monnaie européenne. Soon after election, in 1997, the Chancellor, Gordon Brown, said that four of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The economic and political debate. Arguments for membership. Arguments against. Is Britain likely to join in the next few years?. Public opinion. Interest groups: The media and the No and Yes campaign. 'Prepare and...»

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The European Union and national sovereignty

Document abstract : «The birth of the modern sovereign state is usually associated with the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, after which modern nation-states began to constitute in Europe. Today, some scholars argue that state sovereignty has been challenged by trends such as...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The lack of recognition European Union . The book Questioning sovereignty by Neil MacCormick. The milestones of European integration: The case Costa v. ENEL . Conclusion: Neil MacCormick's assertion that EU member states are no longer...»

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The American bureaucracy on national security

Document abstract : «In his book The Power Game, Hedrick Smith speaks of the foreign policy game in the United States as a "bureaucratic tribal warfare", using a tribal metaphor to describe the fierce fights which take place in Washington, DC. The notion of bureaucracy...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Battling bureaucracies. Article II of the Constitution. The Department of Defense. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff. The pledge to make the Secretary of State the principal spokesman and adviser on...»

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Iran's nuclear program

Document abstract : «As diplomats from the 190 signatory countries gather in New York this week for the five-yearly review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Iran will surely be present in many minds. Although some warning signs had been issued by various...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Iranian nuclear programme and the questions it raises. Explanations on why states acquire nuclear . Challenges and threats to security. The debate on the real necessity for Iran to hold nuclear weapons. The main argument put...»

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The European Union and organized crime

Document abstract : «With French and Dutch voters' recent rejection of the proposed constitutional treaty for the European Union, a number of proposals in the field of Justice and Home Affairs have been watered down or considerably postponed. However, both EU leaders...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A strategy based on co-operation. the Tampere summit and the priorities set by EU leaders . A framework decision in the field of money laundering. Improving cooperation between member states and national law-enforcement agencies. What...»

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Companies dividend policy

Document abstract : «Dividend policy is one of the most important financial policies, not only form the viewpoint of the company, but also from that of the shareholders, the consumers, the workers, regulatory bodies and the Government. For a company, it is a pivotal...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Background on dividends and the three basic theories. Background. Different types of dividends. Procedural aspects of paying dividends. Irrelevance of Dividend Policy. Assumptions of irrelevance theory. The proof of the dividend...»

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To what extent did the colonial state openly side with metropolitan capitalist interests and missionaries lobbies against indigenous interests?

Document abstract : «Ghana was a victim of the British Empire's colonialism, from the establishment of the South as a Crown's possession in1874 to the independence of the country in 1957. Basically, colonialism can be defined as a particular form of imperialism: the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The colonial states siding with European capitalists and missionaries against Ghanaians. The Ghanaian governments policy during the whole colonial period. The causes of the governmental partiality. The limits of the usual attitude of...»

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Does social constructivism really add anything new to debates about security?

Document abstract : «During the late 1980s, when debates between neorealists and neoliberals seemed to exhaust themselves, so-called 'constructivist' researches made their appearance. By asserting themselves as an alternative to realism, they reinterpret its main...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A new framework for analysis. A critical methodology to grasp security in another way. A contestation of the traditional conceptualisations to enrich security studies' research agenda. A positive balance sheet. Some scientific...»

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Contrast and compare the political ideology, support base and political strategy of the Pakistani Jamaat-i-Islami and the Iranian Islamic Revolution

Document abstract : «The events of this beginning of century have shown the resistance and the diversity of an Islamism, which certain had already buried. According to Bobby S. Sayyid, 'Islamism is a discourse that attempts to centre Islam within the political order....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Comparing the theories: The Jamaat and the Iranian Revolutionary thoughts. Islamism as a common Muslim subjectivity: Islam as the centre and the West as a rejected other. Differences in the transition to the Islamic state:...»

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Is capitalism a positive or negative force in International Relations?

Document abstract : «In 1995, the 200 most powerful multi-national corporations controlled approximately one third of the world GNP The turnover of these companies sometimes exceeds the GNP of some countries: one example is General Motors which with a turnover of 132...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Definition of capitalism. Supporters of capitalist ideology. Defending the capacity to enhance progress and development. Tthe implantation of industries in third world countries. Marx and his criticism of capitalism. Third world...»

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Is each age blessed or doomed with the presence of an empire?

Document abstract : «"Veni, vidi, vici"[I came, I saw, I conquered] Julius Caesar. This quote from one of the most famous Roman generals reflects the principle of a major phenomenon in international relations: empires, a phenomenon which dates back as far as 2334...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Pre modern Empires. Empires founded on military force. The values of empires. New sort of Empire. The American Declaration of Independence. The native population and their religion. The ambiguity about the US. The declared aim of...»

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Why has the UN Charter remained a central plank of international order, even though it was formulated in wartime by only a few of the victorious powers?

Document abstract : «'If we had had this Charter a few years ago-and above all, the will to use it- millions now dead would be alive. If we should falter in the future in our will to use it, millions now living will surely die.' (Truman) This quotation shows the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The charter of the United Nations. It's evolution. The only intergovernmental international organization. The Charter and its realistic grasp of the mechanics of world affairs. The reforms proposed by Kofi...»

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Is the United Nations running the same risk as its predecessor the League of Nations of being made marginal or even irrelevant? Why or why not?

Document abstract : «'The League is dead, long live the United Nations!' This is with these words that Lord Robert Cecil, one of the architects of the League of Nations, commented on the dissolution of the organization, in the spring 1946, expressing the apparent...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The League of Nations. It's creation. The League inefficiency and the large range of difficulties it faced. September 1931: Japanese attack on Manchuria. 1934: The case of Ethiopia. The setting up of the UN. The differences between the...»

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Do we need feminist theory in International Relations? If so why?

Document abstract : «Feminism is a critical social and political movement who first emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth with women's claims of equal rights in society and in the political sphere, with the right of vote. But...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Feminists and their critical position against main theories of world politics. Understanding the feminist theory's main assumptions. A post positivist theory. The feminist theory and the issue of peace and justice. Common assumptions...»

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How have social democratic parties changed over the last 25 years?

Document abstract : «The changes of the last 30, and especially 25 years have produced an unexpected and important indentity crisis for all parties rooted in the tradition of Western European reformistsocialism. In fact, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the world...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The main reason which explains the changes. The decline of the German, English and French Social Democratic parties. This 'democratisation' process. Modification of the internal organisation. The case of Germany. Mitterrand's two terms...»

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Is there a 'responsibility to protect'? Is the UN capable of protecting the victims of internal conflicts?

Document abstract : «Civil wars are, today, since the end of the Cold War, the dominant form of conflicts all around the world. For instance, as Stephen John Stedman explains, 'all thirty-five of the wars in 1997 were primarily internal' . Massive violence, destruction...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The UN: An international organization whose first purpose is to promote global peace. The arguments in favour of humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian intervention. The legal basis for humanitarian intervention and the charter of the...»

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Deliberative democracy is theoretically plausible and institutionally impracticable

Document abstract : «What we mean today when referring to 'democracy' is, according to some scholars, 'a way of organising the state that has come to be narrowly identified with territorially based competitive elections of political leadership for legislative and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction: Jurgen Habermas's imagined 'Ideal Speech Situation' (ISS) . The question of the common good . Reaching a consensus in theory. Institutional issue: The fragmentation of the state . Negative consequence of practicable deliberative...»

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What is the role of the state in international Politics?

Document abstract : «International Politics are based upon two main theories, Realism and Liberalism, which are conventionally opposed, and therefore give two different interpretations of world politics. This essay will focus on the stances of these theories upon the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Understanding the realist point of view on the role of the state in international politics. Maximizing its national interests in order to perpetuate its life. The advent of globalization and the state as the central actor in...»

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Critically examine the factors that ultimately led to the enlargement of the EU in 2004. What are the stages and debates?

Document abstract : «According to the article 43 of the European Community treaty, 'any European State may apply to become a member of the Union[]the conditions of admission and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The end of the Cold War and the Eastern European countries. The instauration of an economic market. The link between the EU and Eastern Europe. Divergences between the member States of the Union. 1989 and 1993: The idea of an EU...»

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Can we have a world government?

Document abstract : «To answer the question "Can we have world government", we must understand two questions: one is "What would be the use and necessity of a world government"; the other one is "In what extent would it be possible?" "A government is a system, form or...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The need of a system that would dominate all the people of the world. The proposition by Kant in 'Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View'. The idea of a world citizenship. Objections to the world government. On...»

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Is NATO still relevant ?

Document abstract : «General De Gaulle once said that all alliances are like roses: they wither and decay. NATO might be a counter-example or it might not. While during the Munich Conference, the US Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul Wolfowitz, claimed "As an alliance we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. General framework around NATO's controversy. The military alliance . Prevention of the USSR and Communism from spreading over Europe. The arguments of NATO's advocates . The increasing irrelevance of NATO...»

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Is there room, and how much, for immigrants in the European social model?

Document abstract : «Immigration is deeply rooted in the European history. In the post-war times several West European governments - especially in big and devastated countries - resorted to immigration to cope with important needs for labour force the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Immigration: A window of opportunity for greying Europe. The economic impact of a rapidly ageing population. The contrasted picture of immigration in Europe. The coming of age of a European immigration policy and the economic...»

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The party of European socialists and the identity of European social democracy

Document abstract : «The question wether there is currently something that can be called the crisis of social-democracy is arguable: after all, social-democractic and socialist parties are still the counterpart of Conservatives and Christian-democrats, sharing...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction: Background and brief historical overview of the PES' development. PES' function as a catalyst . It's role in the emergence of a common social democratic identity at the European level. Tony Blair: Success in driving a major turnout for...»

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The case of the Czech republic and the Slovak republic

Document abstract : «The Czech and the Slovak nations had a similar history for more than a century, and the attempt to coexist in just one common state definitely failed in autumn 1992, when the Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus and the leader of the main Slovak party...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Political systems: Parties and their main ideas. The case of the czech republic . The case of the slovak republic. Party positiong regarding the eu and its further enlargment . The case of the Czech Republic . The case of the Slovak...»

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Women representation in politics: A comparative approach between France and the Nordic countries

Document abstract : «Nowadays women are increasingly accessing to high political positions in State office. Indeed, three women recently reached the status of Head of State in different countries: Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Ellen Johnson-Sirlead in Liberia, and Tarja...»

Synopsis abstract : «Historical and empirical data illustrating the gap in women mobilisation. Rokkan's model on mobilisation of women in parliamentary politics. The main and illustrative data of women political representation in France and in the Nordic countries . The...»

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The impact of multiculturalism on the Australian society

Document abstract : «The Austral continent is divided into six States and two Territories. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales is the oldest place where Europeans settled and the biggest Australian city. The bridge of Sydney, "Harbour Bridge" and its Opera are the...»

Synopsis abstract : «From White Australia to Multiculturalism . Keep Australia White . Effective end of White Australia and beginnings of multiculturalism . Fraser's contribution . Hawke and Keating, a real achievement . What Multiculturalism brings to...»

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"The Last Crusade. Religion and the politics of misdirection" Barbara Victor

Document abstract : «Barbara Victor is a journalist and a frequent lecturer on women's issues and the Middle East. She worked for CBS television for fifteen years, where she covered the Middle East. Her books include Terrorism, an account of the Lebanon war from 1975 to...»

Synopsis abstract : «The author. Summary. The Born again doctrine. How George W. Bush managed to seduce Evangelicals. The most basic belief that Evangelical or Fundamental Christians hold. The Jewish American community in the United States . The very public religiosity...»

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Analyse the relationship between state and civil society in Hegel's Philosophie des Rechts

Document abstract : «Since the 18th century, the contrasted views of the state in the Anglo-Saxon world and in France diverge on the notion of public interest. Both movements of thought frequently oppose the vision of an aggregate of the particular interests of citizens...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The methodological framework of Hegel's philosophy des Rechts. The concepts of civil society and state. Civil society. The state. The twofold relationship of civil society and state . Civil society: A transition towards the idea of the...»

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