Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

Natural disturbances in forest environments

Document abstract : «Disturbance in plant communities has been deﬁned as consisting of 'the mechanisms which limit the plant biomass by causing its partial or total destruction.' In forests, disturbance arises from the agencies of tree damage or death. At small...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Small-scale disturbance: gap phase dynamics.. Changes in microclimate and resource availability following gap creation.. Forest regeneration in gaps.. The changes in microclimate and resource availability.. Photoblastic...»

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Impacts of air pollution on forest ecosystems

Document abstract : «Air pollution problems are international in scale. All forests worldwide experience some degree of air pollution exposure above preindustrial levels. Atmospheric transport processes do not recognize geographic borders, but sources of pollutants, the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Subarctic boreal forests.. Air pollution causes.. Air pollution concerns.. Air pollution effect.. Wet tropics.. Air pollution causes.. Air pollution concerns.. Air pollution effects.. Semiarid forests.. Air pollution causes.. Air...»

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Environmental impacts on forests

Document abstract : «There is considerable debate over deﬁnitions for the word 'forest' and even for 'tree.' Most vegetation types fall clearly into the categories of forest or nonforest, but there is dispute at the margins. A similar debate rages over the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Effect on soil.. The sustainable productive potential.. The observed boost in agricultural production following a forest cover.. Effect on water.. The effect of trees. Transpiration.. The myth that forests act like a sponge.. The...»

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Diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of forest health and protection

Document abstract : «Over the last 30 years forest health became a popular issue together with the concern about acid rain, air pollution, and climate change. Terms like forest decline, and the German 'Waldsterben' (forest death) and 'Neuartigen Waldscha ¨den' (new type...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Forest health.. Importance of de?nitions and concepts.. Factors affecting forest health.. Forest declines.. Methods used in forest health diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation.. Diagnosis.. Monitoring.. Status and...»

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The global and forest environment carbon cycle

Document abstract : «The forest environment carbon cycle can be viewed at a number of scales. Measurements can be made at the scale of an individual leaf or tree, stand-scale measurements can be made, and models can be developed that examine forest-level, regional, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The global carbon cycle.. The forest carbon cycle.. The difference between GPP and autotrophic respiration.. The biomass pools in a forest.. The ?gures for global NPP, NBP, and RH.. Increasing indications - carbon stocks in the...»

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The struggle for democracy: An analysis of false flag terrorism in post-war Italy and its contemporary relevance

Document abstract : «To analyze politics is to attempt to understand the evolution and application of ideas in circumstances that are seldom clearly defined. These ideas are formulated into ideological structures that become the governing principles of specific...»

Synopsis abstract : «introduction.. Analyzing politics - attempt to understand the evolution and application of idea.. core of this construction of the individual is the concept of freedom.. The post-Second World War period.. Characterized by the competition of two...»

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Where is My Voice? : An exploration of questions that minority women ask about their identity

Document abstract : «Universal questioning of the roles of sex and gender began centuries ago. Every culture has their expectations and customs. Even in the present-day united states, where freethinking is a familiar attitude, women find themselves in traditional or...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The working definition of minority.. The common framework for American scholars.. Common voice in women's studies.. What types of questions are minority women asking about their identity?. Lack of personal accounts.. The introduction...»

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Speaking of the people: Authenticating representations of Native American culture

Document abstract : «Archaeologists and Native Americans have an interesting relationship in this present day. They are both contesting for the same properties (except for the "property" of the Native American oral tradition). In this nation of immigrants, Native...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction - Archaeologists and Native Americans.. The Native American populace of the United States.. The anthropological text 'Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache People'.. The authors respect for the knowledge...»

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Delusions of Soviet power and the American military-industrial complex

Document abstract : «The Cold War period for the United States and indeed, the world was one of turbulence and uncertainty. The conclusion of World War II saw the clash of two major world powers, each replete with the awesome capability of nuclear weapons. For the first...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Cold War period for the United States.. Soviet Union versus the United States.. The culture that harbored anti-communism and a deep seeded fear of not only Soviet military dominance.. United States - well suited during the Cold...»

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Genecology and the adaptations of forest trees

Document abstract : «Genecology is the study of intraspeciﬁc genetic variation in relation to environmental conditions. It reveals patterns of adaptation of populations to their environments that result from differences in natural selection among locations....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Background.. The recognition of genetic variation among populations of trees.. What early botanists and foresters lacked.. Investigations of provenance variation.. The basic genecological experimental design used by Clausen, Keck, and...»

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Cytogenetics of forest tree species

Document abstract : «The discipline of cytogenetics was ﬁrst deﬁned by Sutton in 1903, as a ﬁeld of investigation which developed from the separate sciences of genetics and cytology. It is concerned with studies on the correlation of genetic and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Plant breeding.. Cytogenetic investigations of forest tree species.. The main interest in forest tree cytogenetics in the early 1900's.. Cell division and chromosomes.. Cell division - nuclear (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic...»

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Genetic aspects of air pollution and climate change

Document abstract : «The ﬁrst incidences of air pollution impacts on the genetic constitution of forest tree populations were those documented near point sources of sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulates, and heavy metals. Localized extinction of forests around these...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Genetic aspects of air pollution.. Genetic aspects of climate change.. Knowledge gaps and research needs.. Reliance on wild trees in agroforestry.. Agroforestry as a science and in development.. Conclusion.....»

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Propagation technology for forest trees

Document abstract : «There are six major kinds of propagules now available for the reproduction of forest trees: seeds, sprouts, grafts, cuttings, tissue-culture plantlets, and somatic embryos. Each has two or more subclasses, and each has increasingly understood...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Seeds.. Natural regeneration.. Arti?cial regeneration.. Orchard seeds.. Sprouts.. Physiological condition and maturation state.. Maturation as a developmental genetic process.. The effects of maturation state on the performance of...»

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Mendelssohn's 'Elijah': An oratorio for the generations

Document abstract : «On Wednesday, August 26, 1846, Felix Mendelssohn's revered oratorio, Elijah, was premiered at the Birmingham Music Festival. The work met instant lauds, hailed by the London Times, "Never was there a more complete triumph- never a more thorough and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Elijah and the personal life of Mendelssohn.. Elijah - an oratorio in two parts.. The first performance for the Birmingham Festival.. Elijah: marked by musical elements that display Mendelssohn's technical genius.. Mendelssohn's use...»

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Menotti: An American Legend

Document abstract : «Gian Carlo Menotti is often named the premiere American opera composer of the 20th century. Born and raised in Italy, his view is the Italian one, that the theater should entertain, and he has dedicated his life to writing and composing operas in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Menotti's life.. Menotti and barber.. Major works.. Amelia Goes to the Ball.. The Medium.. The Telephone.. Amahl and the Night Visitors.. Themes and influences.. Menotti's operas - deceivingly uncomplicated.. Detours on the way to the...»

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The relationship of Science and Religion as seen through the Galileo affair

Document abstract : «It is true that often the church and science have clashed bitterly, leaving both sides--and the rest of the world--with the sense that there will never be a way to compromise. One of the best examples of this clash was in the 17th century, when...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction - clashes between the church and science.. Galileo Galilei.. Father of modern science.. A man of the church. . Galileo - running afoul of the church.. His second trip to Rome at age 47.. Galileo's third trip - defending himself against...»

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Political violence in flux: Changes in today's world

Document abstract : «Terrorism has fundamentally changed the nature of international relations as a whole. With the emergence of small, non government organizations (or NGOs) that have the capability to inflict massive amounts of damage to life and property, states as...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Terrorism and the fundamentally changed nature of international relations.. The increase in the use of terrorism.. The use of targeted killings by the United States and Israel against Islamic extremists.. The history of the norm.. The...»

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Soil erosion control

Document abstract : «Soil erosion control in managed forests is undertaken, and best achieved, for two main reasons. The ﬁrst relates to soil protection for the sustainable productivity of the forest resource. The second relates to the protection of valuable...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. General principles of soil erosion.. Key factors in soil erosion control.. Soil erosion and forestry operations.. Runoff production and erosion control.. On-site soil erosion control.. Off-site soil erosion contr...»

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Human behavior in the social context

Document abstract : «Humans are a social species. First, we explore the reasons why humans are social beings and briefly consider the broad implications of this characterization. Next, we go somewhat more deeply into the question what it means to be social. In other...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Origins of being social.. Dimensions of being social.. Social interactions in childhood.. Extensions of the social context.. How social behavior is studied.. Relationships between biology and context.. Conclusion...»

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Forest fires (prediction, prevention and suppression)

Document abstract : «The problems and negative impacts associated with large-scale uncontrolled forest ﬁres have increased worldwide over the past two decades. Globally an estimated 300-400 million hectares of forests and woodlands burn annually, emitting an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Background to fire management.. Global warming.. Historical use of fire.. Expansion of the concept of fire management.. Global changes.. Fire and food security.. Fire regimes.. Population growth.. Fire prediction.. Silvicultural...»

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Impact of forest management on the quality of water

Document abstract : «In forested catchments the hydrologic cycle, involving precipitation, interception, evapo-transpiration, overland ﬂow, subsurface ﬂow, groundwater ﬂow, and stream ﬂow is closely linked to water quality in that water...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Water quality: the concept.. Importance of forests for water quality.. Effects of forestry practices on water quality.. Suspended sediment.. Timber harvesting.. Fire.. Temperature and dissolved oxygen.. Pesticides.. Pathogenic...»

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The sociology of housing and the housing problem

Document abstract : «At its most elementary level, housing serves as shelter, offering protection against inclement weather and victimization by street crime. Housing fulfils other functions as well. It is typically a significant economic investment, for households as...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. An organizational scheme for housing research.. The societal context: An historical perspective.. Living conditions, health, and social reform before 1920.. Eventual selective government intervention in the 1920's to the...»

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The United States and Latin America in the 21st century: Recommendations for a sound and sustainable foreign policy

Document abstract : «Traditionally, the relationship between the United States and Latin America has been marked by periods of ups and downs, and often indifference. Over the past decade, the latter has largely settled in. However, in view of the region's increased...»

Synopsis abstract : «Executive summary.. Historical perspective.. Key current issues and developments.. The rise of populism.. Trade.. Security.. Economics hardships and energy resources.. Priorities for a new U.S-Latin America policy.. Encourage the building of stable...»

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Visual analysis of forest landscape

Document abstract : «This article examines the broad concepts and methods underpinning the management of visual resources in forestry, and describes some of the key scientiﬁc methods of addressing the often difﬁcult issue of aesthetics and public...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Visual landscape description and inventory.. Fundamental visual characteristics of landscapes.. Fundamental/large-scale compositions or spatial con?gurations.. Landscape inventory concepts.. Visual landscape assessment.. Visual...»

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The 'rediscovery' of ethnicity: Theory and analysis

Document abstract : «The end of a millennium provides a rare opportunity to reexamine and assess achievements. In the sociological study of relations between diverse ethnic, racial and minority groups it marks a real, rather than a largely symbolic, watershed. There has...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Theory and analysis.. The context for the ‘Rediscovery' of ethnicity.. Classical theories and the marginalization of ethnic phenomenon in sociology.. The period of transition: 1970s and 1980s.. The 1990s and emergent research...»

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Landscape ecology, use and application in forestry

Document abstract : «Many ecological processes result in or are affected by spatial patterns. However, the relative importance of different processes is very sensitive to the scale of analysis. For example, at a very local scale, species diversity is often strongly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Why landscape scale?. Landscape ecology and forestry.. Fragmentation.. Edge effects.. Connectivity.. Disturbance.. Conclusion.....»

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Postmodernity and determination of death

Document abstract : «Within nation-state societies, the definition of death becomes a legal concern, with the statutes of the state or the rules of state-approved institutions governing the response technique for the participating citizenry. The transition from embodied...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Modern death.. Death within the envelope of rationality.. The precision of the standardized definitions of death.. The academic understanding of death in the United States.. Margaret Lock's approach to the self in determination of...»

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International political sociology

Document abstract : «Political sociology is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry developed by sociologists and political scientists to study the dynamic relationship between society (a complex web of social institutions and social behavior) and politics. Much of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Growing and nurturing the field.. Mapping the field.. Lipset's Democratization hypothesis.. Lipset and Rokkan's Frozen Cleavage hypothesis.. Skocpol brings In the state.. Political sociology at the crossroads and into the future.. At...»

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The role of visualization in forest planning

Document abstract : «Modern techniques of computer visualization, involving three-dimensional (3D) modeling, computer animation, and virtual reality (VR), are taking their place among decision-support tools for forestry. This article focuses on the emerging role of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The forest planning context for visualization.. History of landscape visualization.. Types of visualization.. Visualization models: Image production.. Viewing formats: Image presentation.. Assessing the bene?ts and limitations of...»

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Investigating the role of soil type, parcel proximity to village and the usage of manure in Nigerian land-use decisions ( with pictures and graphs )

Document abstract : «Extensive areas in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa are experiencing increasing population densities and cultivation pressure, insecure land tenure, low annual rainfall amounts (500-800 mm/yr), and soil infertility, all of which affect local cropping...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Conceptulization.. Source data.. Preferential soil cultivation.. Land-use dynamic.. Land-use dynamic vs. parcel proximity.. Land-use dynamic vs. soil type.. Manuring practices.. Manuring practices vs. soil type.. Manuring practices...»

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