Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

Church and state controversy in the middles ages

Document abstract : «The disputes between Ambrose and Theodosius, the Carolingian rebellious episcopacy and Louis the Pious, and Gregory VII and Henry IV led to a same conclusion; the three emperors did penance. We can view these disputes as different episodes at...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The relationship between Church and State.. The autonomy of spiritual and temporal.. The ambiguity within the Gospels.. The disputes between Ambrose and Theodosius.. The excommunication.. The public penance.. Ambrose's claim that it...»

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De Soto, H. (2000) "The mystery of capital - Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else"

Document abstract : «In 2004, at the meeting of the World Economic Forum, Bill Clinton publicly declared that Hernando De Soto - founder and president of the Institute of Liberty and Democracy (ILD) in Lima and consultant to numerous heads of state - was "probably the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. De Soto documenting the capacity of the poor for accumulating assets. . A grand calculation by his research team.. Dead capital.. De Soto's dismissal of the argument on culture.. Conclusion.. Bibli...»

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The gay community in the USA: from marginal to mainstream?

Document abstract : «Today, the concern of minorities' rights is crucial in the United States of America. The rights of the homosexual community represent a wedge issue. The homosexuals, indeed, acquire more and more rights in the United States and this acquirement...»

Synopsis abstract : «Outline.. An ideal to reach: Equality of rights.. The perception of the gay community in the United States.. The homosexuals in the popular culture.. Team work assessment.. Bibliography.. Glossary.....»

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Mercantilism

Document abstract : «Mercantilism was both an economical policy and different theoretical ideas. It was typically a European phenomenon which reached its highest development in the seventeenth century. It slowly disappeared during the eighteenth century. Thus,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The two most influent ways of thinking England and France.. Mercantilism.. Bringing a response in the economical field to the problems faced by medieval societies.. Global effects. . A fundamental step for the constitution of modern...»

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The X-files (1993-2002) - A cult text

Document abstract : «The X-Files (1993-2002), about two government agents investigating unsolved cases relating to paranormal activities, was a quality drama which became a cult hit with audiences and subsequently an international cultural phenomenon, generating vast...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A cult program.. The Twilight Zone and 'a dimension of mind'.. Building a curiosity about the supernatural.. The film Donnie Darko.. The X-Files.. Division into 'Mytharc' or ?Mythology' episodes.. Long running narratives.. Twin Peaks...»

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Was Arendt's pessimism about modern liberal society justified?

Document abstract : «Hannah Arendt was born in 1906 in Germany, being the only child of middle-class Jewish parents of Russian descent. As a university student, she was one of the most brilliant and studied with the finest scholars of the time. Arendt in 1933 left...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The starting point of her reasoning.. Ardent and totalitarianism.. Her claim that totalitarianism lacked rationality.. Universal pessimism about life.. Totalitarian terror.. Her attempt to free herself from all precedents. . Her...»

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Are there 'just wars'?

Document abstract : «The notion of 'just war' can be considered as a moral philosophy of the War debating the legitimacy of wars and the way wars are made. The existence of just wars thus supposes that violence can be ethical. However, it has to be underlined that even...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Just War Theory, a secular idea aiming at morally legitimizing wars.. The classical definition of a Just War.. The evolutions of the Just War Theory from Antiquity to the 17th century.. A redefinition of the theory considering the...»

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Why has there been no reform of the UN?

Document abstract : «"Reform is the purposeful act of modifying the structure, composition, decision-making procedures, working methods, funding or staffing of an institution in order to enhance its efficiency and/or effectiveness in advancing its core goals and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The obstacles the UN System has to overcome is its complexity. . Manpower and bureaucracy.. Cutting financial wastes and improving efficiency of the system.. The UN Charter.. The veto.. The scope of a political power. Conclusion:...»

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Economy of Mexico

Document abstract : «From the 1940's until the 1960's there was a strong economic growth in Mexico. This strong economic performance proceeded into the 60's. Manufacturing was the country's dominant growth sector and attracted many foreign investors. Although there was...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Economic growth.. Causes of the growth and the role of the government.. Macroeconomic instability.. Tequila crisis.. The national development plan.. Conclusion.....»

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Airline companies strategy and Open Skies Agreement

Document abstract : «From Icarus to Airbus 380, the dream of the "flying man" seems to be universal. During the 20th century this dream was becoming real through the development of the plane and airline companies which manage it. The rising need to travel has obliged...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Airline company strategies.. September 11 and the SARS in 2003.. Important strategic issue.. Open skies agreement.. Domestic sky opening - a decrease in the national Identity for a European one? . An opportunity for the economy?. A...»

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What are the main causes of social exclusion?

Document abstract : «Shot in black and white cinema verity style, Hate (La Haine) follows a day in the life of three aimless, violence-prone, ethnically-diverse young men who hail from the same decaying housing project in Paris. Mathieu Kassovitz won the Best Director...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The first cause of social exclusion.. The meaning of work for social integration.. Labour market evolutions or the outbreak of social exclusion process.. Causes of social isolation.. The loss of family and social links.. School as an...»

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Short-run and long-run aggregate supply

Document abstract : «One of the goals of economists is to try to predict the changes in the state of the UK economy. Thus they are interested in the economic growth -given by the growth of potential GDP-, the inflation and business cycle fluctuations. The Aggregate...»

Synopsis abstract : «the goal of economists.. Understanding the AS-AD model.. The quantity of capital and the state of technology.. The prices of factors of production in the long run.. The purpose of the aggregate supply.. The determination of the macroeconomic...»

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Children and conflict: Afghan children and post conflict processes

Document abstract : «Historically, the processes of securing peace, reconciliation and reconstructing a country have neglected the specific needs and rights of children. However, the approach to the role of children in post conflict societies is slowly changing. To...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Background on Afghanistan.. Violation of children's rights. . Impact of conflicts on children.. Families and their children.. Appropriate counselling.. Health issues.. Weapons and children.. Debate over the use of landmines.. Cluster...»

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Communication & youth

Document abstract : «The media view of youth is hardly encouraging. We read about hoodies, 'happy slapping', teenage pregnancy, drugs, STDs. And these days too, we find part of the world's youth actively turning themselves into would-be suicide bombers. So, why do we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. How youth is defined nowadays: A communication point of view.. The subject of the youth market.. Mc Gowan and the definition of youth.. Mc Gowan and a qualitative study aimed at revealing the new faces of youth.. Developments in the...»

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Danone global strategy

Document abstract : «Danone is one of the world leaders in the food industry. The group focuses on three worldwide business lines: Fresh Diary Products, Beverages, and Biscuit & Cereal Products. Its turnover in 2005 was 13.02 billion Euros. We have chosen this group...»

Synopsis abstract : «General presentation of Danone: past and today's position.. Danone's position in the food market.. Background history of the group.. Division by sector.. Geographical division.. Danone global strategy.. Internationalisation to take...»

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The representation of American teenagers in films during the 1950s and 1990s

Document abstract : «The 'teen film', 'teen flick' or 'teenpic' has changed since the 1950s when it started to define itself through Juvenile delinquency films. As was recently commented, 'the teen flick has lost its shiny innocence and become a cynical brute' (Maher;...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Rebel Without a Cause.. Juvenile delinquency and Ephebiphobia.. Trend created by the highly mediated increase of juvenile delinquency.. The suburban environment of Rebel Without a Cause.. Dean's representation of the American...»

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Representations of gender and sexuality in films

Document abstract : «'The street's getting worse everyday here. The whores were bad enough but the drags are wiping us out. I can't stand the drags. (). They confuse transvestism with a circus. Worse, with mime'. In All About My Mother (Almodovar; 1999), the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The theory of cross dressing.. The effects of cross dressing in movies.. Common elements in movies.. Cross dressing in Ma Vie en Rose.. Male cross dressers and female cross dressers.. The realities of transvestites and...»

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The government of the Iroquois

Document abstract : «The Iroquois confederation, also called the League of Nation was a confederation of five Nations. These Nations of Iroquois were the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the Senecas). A sixth Nation (the Tuscaroras) joined the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Great Law of Peace.. The origin of the League of the Iroquois: The establishment of the Great Law of Peace.. The principles of the government.. Social structure and political organization.. Social basis.. Social control and...»

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Should illegal immigrants be legalised in the USA?

Document abstract : «While the Spanish government legalised 600,000 undocumented workers in May 2005 and the French Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy is currently trying to get his bill reinforcing control over illegal immigrants passed through the French...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The reform project.. Legalization of illegal immigrants.. Repairing the initial injustice of being born in Liberia or in Ecuador.. Contribution of immigrants to the American prosperity.. Negative consequence of illegal...»

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Muslims and the State: A comparative study of Muslim religious needs in the educational domain in France and Great Britain

Document abstract : «Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in Europe today; it is already the second religion in Europe. There are at least thirteen million Muslims living in this area ranging from Portugal to Finland and from Ireland to Bulgaria. The...»

Synopsis abstract : «State education and religion in France and Great Britain.. The British Education Act: From a Christian education to a multicultural education.. The wearing of Islamic veils and state run schools.. Public funding of Islamic schools.. Explaining the...»

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The Trans-Afghan pipeline project: History, stakes and perspectives

Document abstract : «World competition around the natural resources of Central Asia and the Caspian is not new, but the collapse of the Soviet empire has revived it. This region, believed to possess huge oil and gas reserves, is also a point of contact of different...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Turkmenistan's inaccessible wealth.. Turkmen gas and Russian pipelines.. Alternative projects.. War and peace in Afghanistan.. Post-Taliban Afghanistan and the revival of the project.. Winners and losers.. Other obstacles on the way...»

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is primarily a Western document, limiting the claimed universal applicability of Human Rights

Document abstract : «On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the Third General Assembly of the United Nations. In the aftermath of WW2, nearly every state that had fought with the Western Allies wanted the atrocities of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. How far did the great Western powers influence the writing of the UDHR.. UDHR viewed as being Western.. Cultural relativism.. Conclusion.....»

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Positive-Normative distinction

Document abstract : «The methodology in economics is important because it gives us a better understanding of the economic analysis. The purpose of economic theory is to provide a comprehensive framework for the study of human behaviour declares Gary Becker (1976). As...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The distinction between positive and normative economics.. Positive economics.. Normative economics.. The value-free.. Economic examples.. Criticisms.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Carnival - Interpretation of Bakhtin

Document abstract : «The "Carnival Season" is a holiday period during the two weeks before the traditional Christian fast of Lent. The word has a Latin origin and literally means "to remove the meat" or "stop eating meat". But carnival and the "carnivalesque" are not...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The positive energy of a carnival.. Carnival: A way of resisting to the temporal power.. The spiritual power of carnival.. Freedom for people of all classes.. Critcisms against Bakhtin's theory of carnival.. Carnival could have the...»

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'Prime ministers are already 'presidential', and are becoming more presidential': examples of United Kingdom, Italy and France

Document abstract : «In most European countries, Prime ministers are the major figure of the political game. They have a wide interface, with the media (both at a national and international level), and with their population, even if they are never called the "head of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Presidentialization process.. Personalisation of politics.. Personalisation of Prime Ministers.. Role and power of Prime Ministers.. Contrast between 'Presidents' and 'Prime Ministers'.. The effectiveness of Prime Ministership in UK,...»

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The budgetary implication of the European Union's May 2004 enlargement

Document abstract : «On 1 May 2004 Europe celebrates the entrance of ten new members in the European Union but behind the fireworks and the celebrations, Brussels has to adapt itself to this new generation of the European project. One of the most important points is the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The new balance.. Agenda 2000.. The financial framework 2007-2013.. Structure of the financial framework 2007-2013.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The EU and the disintegration of Yugoslavia

Document abstract : «In order to better understand the disintegration of Yugoslavia at the beginning of the 1990s, it is interesting to recall that Yugoslavia was first created in 1918, and was dismembered firstly during World War Second. Then, it has been dismembered...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. On the brink of civil war: Misunderstanding, incomprehension and division.. Yugoslavia: An explosive situation.. The West: Division of the European Union. Improbable attempts at maintaining peace in Yugoslavia.. The EU between...»

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The EU Foreign Policy - Myth or Reality?

Document abstract : «European Union (EU) critics are a very heterogenic group. Amongst them, there are people who think that this organization has too many responsibilities. Sometimes this disapproval is summarized in only one word: 'Brussels', the city where several...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The historical background of CFSP and CSDP.. The failure of the EDC and the 'Fouchet Plans'.. The European Political Cooperation.. The Common Foreign and Security Policy.. The institutional framework of CFSP and CSDP.. Introductory...»

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To what extent is the British newspaper market is a pluralist market?

Document abstract : «According to former MP William Hague, Britain 'has a great and vibrant tradition of a free and pluralist press and media, rich in its diversity and opinions.'(Hague; 2000). It is true that in the past decades, the British newspaper market has always...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The newspaper market in the perspective of a pluralist democracy.. Results the evolution of the British newspaper market.. Dependence on advertising revenue.. A free and creative production of news.. The general Marxist view of...»

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In spite of its record of failure the EU continues to try to develop a common foreign policy. Why?

Document abstract : «The European Union is often described as an "economical giant but political pigmy" . The Union is indeed the first commercial power in the world, but its political representation on the global stage is weak. From many points of view, the former...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Creation of European defence community and the concept of a common foreign policy.. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). . Political background of member states.. Reasons for which EU needs a common policy.. To guarantee peace...»

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