Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

How do the Federal Republic of Germany, Fifth Republic France and post-war Italy fulfil the criteria of Lijphart's 'majoritarian' and 'consensus' models of democracies?

Document abstract : «This essay will attempt to analyse the Federal Republic of Germany, Fifth Republic France and post-war Italy thanks to Lijphart's work Democracy (1984). Lijphart classifies the 'majoritarian' model (or 'Westminster model') and the 'consensual...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A single party in a majoritarian democracy.. The situation in Germany.. The drafters of the Fifth Republic constitution.. France and an asymmetrical bicameralism legislature.. Majoritarian democracies.. The French electoral...»

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Politics is just show-business for ugly people

Document abstract : «On October 7, 2003, the 2003 California recall resulted in Governor Gray Davis being recalled with 55.4% of the Yes vote. Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot. On this day, a large...»

Synopsis abstract : «A certain confusion between media shows and politics.. The border between media and show.. Politics and the growing influence of communication.. Which implications in the political sphere?. Garbled campaigns.. Various interrogations on the future of...»

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Computer simulation study of ionic and non ionic hydration

Document abstract : «Liquids, solution, and liquid crystals present local, but not long-range order. On one hand particles in liquids interacts much strongly than the particles in gas, and this prevents the use of the usual statistical mechanics methods to predict their...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Modeling molecular liquids with computers.. The structure of liquid water at ambient conditions.. The ionic solvation.. Ionic hydration in infinitely dilute solutions.. Effect of the temperature and density for Na+.. Solvation of...»

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Social welfare system in transition: The reform of the pension system

Document abstract : «The transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, from communism to democracy, and from unitary to a federal state had extreme consequences for the overall welfare of Russian population: including health services, social...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. General view on welfare.. The former Soviet Union pension system.. The beginning of the reforms.. The contemporary pension system.. The benefits.. The limits and risks.. The way forward.. Conclusion....»

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Roma Housing in the Czech Republic

Document abstract : «The English documentary "Gypsies, tramps and thieves?" realised by Kate Blewett and Bryan Woods in 1999 notably shows a Roma young mother who lives in revolting conditions in a single room shared with twenty-three other Roma. We can see them piled...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The conditions Roma lived in at the beginning of the century.. Concentration of Roma in 'Holobyty'.. Functioning of Holobyty.. Discrimination against Roma.. Extent of effectiveness of international law and organisations.. Czech...»

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Is it conceivable that you might survive the death of your body?

Document abstract : «If somebody thinks thoroughly about life, he will naturally come across the thought of death. We see death as a natural consequence of life. Everyone is not agreeing on the meaning of death though. Some see it as the end of everything, a total...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Identifying people according to their looks.. The case of life after death.. Can we really detach ourselves from our bodies? . Two identical persons living at the same time.. How can someone live without Their body?...»

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Russian and French Economies

Document abstract : «Russia is the biggest country in the world and is ranked 7th for its population with 143 million of inhabitants. The country is today one of the 10th most important economy in the world. In fact, Russia is situated at the 14th world rank concerning...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Economic structure.. Role of the state in the economy.. Social indicators.. Regional disparities.. Commercial partners.. Identifying differences.. French transport infrastructures.. Russian infrastructures.. Transport infrastructure...»

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International relations, theory and practice: the Second Kashmir war

Document abstract : «I will deal in this essay with the Second Kashmir War, which was a war between India and Pakistan in 1965. We will see how we can interpret the causes and the origins of the war, and the way it was ended and solved. I chose to use two different...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The history of war in Kashmir.. The conflict between India and Pakistan.. The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.. The end of the first war for Kashmir.. The origins of the Indo-Pakistani conflict.. Reasons that lead to the second war for...»

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The role of the European Union in the democratisation of Central and Eastern Europe

Document abstract : «In the concept of « consolidation of democracy », two aspects can lead to misunderstanding. Firstly, one can interrogate on the direction towards which such a consolidation is supposed to tend, as the word « consolidation » implies that democracy...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The concept of 'consolidation of democracy'.. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of democracy.. The consolidation of democracy, a question of democratic survival?. The proposition by Andreas Schedler.. Appropriate criteria for a...»

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Democracy in Nigeria at the dawn of the 21st century

Document abstract : «"« Democracy is good, » says Godwin Eweye, a video-store owner, « but Nigeria is not yet fully democratic. »" A few days only after Nigeria's 2003 parliamentary elections, this local comment illustrates the enduring difficulties that the country...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mr Obasanjo's efforts to transform the most populous country in Africa into a consolidated democracy.. Plan for the assessment of democratic prospects in Nigeria.. Nigerian politics: A new civilian era?. Rapid transition toward...»

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Dell's case: the build-to-order business model

Document abstract : «Michael Dell founded the company in 1984 while he was at the University of Texas at Austin. He began by selling improvements of IBM-compatible PCs and started to sell his own brand of PCs one year later (the Turbo). The concept was very simple: from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Company background.. Dell and the technology complex: The build-to-order business model.. The role of IT and Internet in coordinating Dell's value chain: Dell as an e-commerce company.. Direct PC value chain: Dell'™s hardware delivery...»

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What is the function of representation in Hobbes conception of political power as presented in the Leviathan?

Document abstract : «The notion of Representation is a key feature in democratic regimes. More stable than the direct participation of the people into political life, it supposes that the institutions of the State reflect the composition and the wishes of the people. A...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Leviathan and its representation.. Why is representation necessary to protect the individuals' lives?. The covenant as the foundation of the sovereign's authority.. Who is this mortal God? The representation (as depiction) of the...»

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Why has the European Court of Justice been so central to the process of integration?

Document abstract : «"Law is often still treated as if it were a separate field, clearly distinct from the economic or political spheres" . As the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has never been given a lot of media coverage, most of the time, its role in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1951-1965: The solid foundations of the ECJ.. The European Community a legal entity.. The Treaties of Paris and Rome empowering the ECJ.. The judges' expansive methods.. 1965-1986: The ECJ as the driving force behind integration.. The...»

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The reasons for Britain's slow economic growth in the 1970s

Document abstract : «Britain already had experienced economic difficulties in the 1960s, but the concerns did not grow since the overall standard of living was keeping on rising. On the contrary, the 1970s proved to be much more worrying economically, as they presented...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Britain's slow growth in the 1970's and the burden of inflation.. Unstable environment and short run policies.. Mounting unemployment and mounting inflation.. Role of Britain's poor industrial performance in the relative economic...»

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International organisations and sovereignty

Document abstract : «The French campaign for the referendum on the European Constitution has perfectly shown the fear of a loss of state sovereignty due to the European Union within the political elite as well as within the society. With the increase of international...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Sacrificing sovereignity with the creation of international organisation in relation to the European Union.. Increase in international organisations.. Meaning and understanding of sovereignity.. Sovereignty as political...»

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To what extent is Belgium a sui generis federation?

Document abstract : «Only 25 countries out of the 193 world-wide existing operate with a federal political system . If we look at the ones situated in Europe, there are very few: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain , and Switzerland. I am here interested in the newest one:...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Defining federalism.. Belgium's federalisation process.. Analyzing the characteristics of a federal state.. Traditional way of solving the problem.. Possessing mechanisms and institution(s) that guarantee the stability of the system....»

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Comparison between Confucianism and Islam in terms of Knowledge of the Sacred

Document abstract : «Confucianism, the second major religion in China, is a religion that really caught my attention among all the religions studied in the comparative religion class. It is exceptional for the reason that it emphasizes on a single man, Confucius, who...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The rise of Confucianism and alternatively Islam.. Explanation on Confucianism.. Confucianism in the Chinese society.. Principles of Confucius.. Explanation on Islam.. The existence of God not being questioned.. Principles of...»

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NGOs: Representing civil society at the WTO?

Document abstract : «In 1994, the Marrakech Agreement established the World Trade Organization (WTO), one of many suprastate institutions that were created all along the 20th century. The purpose of this organization is to regulate all trade activities between its...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The legal framework for participation.. Vagueness of Article V 2 of the Marrakech Agreement.. The guidelines for WTO-NGO interaction created two years later.. Active participation of NGOs in WTO activities: Is it not enough.. A call...»

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The "Memorial Laws"

Document abstract : «In the first part of this paper, I give an account of a recent controversy that arose in France and in which historians played a significant role. This controversy involves a number of actors: the French government, which passed the so-called...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. An account of the controversy.. Analysis.. Drawing distinctions.. A cost/benefit assessment.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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How to reform the UN security council and why?

Document abstract : «The Security Council is usually considered as the most important organ of the UNO. Primarily "responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security" , the Security Council has huge responsibilities and thus needs legitimacy to fulfill...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Why should we reform the UN Security Council?. Only one reform of the UN Security 1965.. The entrance of Germany and of Japan within the Security Council as permanent members.. What are the solutions proposed?. A long era of...»

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Are the four P's of international marketing of equal importance to all firms? What factors might cause some to be more or less important than others?

Document abstract : «The term "Marketing Mix" became popular when Neil H. Borden published his article "The concept of the Marketing Mix", in 1964. Today, this expression is one of the most employed in international marketing. The Marketing Mix is also called "The Four...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The Four P's.. Factors which cause differences.. The market.. The segmentation.. The targeting.. The product.. The product life cycle.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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The evolution of the closer relationship between the United States and India

Document abstract : «Since its independence and the end of the cold war, India has evolved considerably. Nowadays, India's power is rising like its influence on the international scene and the emergence of India as a major Asian power is a matter of fact. Indeed, thanks...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The rise of India.. India and China: Ties between two Asian giants.. India-United States closer relationship.. India: A nuclear power sponsored by the United States.. India: An American ally to balance...»

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Civil - military relations in Israel

Document abstract : «Israel is a democratic republic and operates under the parliamentary system. Executive power is exercised by the prime minister and the government. It was founded in 1948.The Israeli defence forces, Tsahal, were also created in 1948, with the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Civil military relations: The role of Tsahalis in politics and society as an example of Huntington's subjective control.. The 'parachutage' phenomenon: The pre-eminence of military elites in politics.. A strong link between the armed...»

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The relationship between the different types of suffrage and the creation (or construction) of democratic institutions in France from 1789 to 1870

Document abstract : «From 1789 to 1870 in France, not less than eight constitutions and twelve regimes followed one after another. France also experienced all types of suffrages, from the most restricted one of the Ancient Regime, to the universal manhood suffrage. This...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1789- 1814: From the revolution to the first empire.. The French Revolution.. Sovereignty.. Napoleon Bonaparte.. 1814-1870: From the 'restoration' to the 2nd Empire.. The July monarchy amends.. The new power owners and a common set of...»

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What are the main milestones in the emergence of the Palestinian problem and the Arab-Israeli conflict?

Document abstract : «"In a higher phase of communist society after labour has become not only a means of life but life's prime want only then can society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability to each according to his needs!" ('Critique...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The book Critique of the Gotha Programme.. Different stages of communism.. Evolution of the crude communist society.. Higher phase of communism.. Labor as a means of life and a prime want.. Enabling people to consume whatever they...»

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Japan and China in the 1930's

Document abstract : «At the end of the XIXth century, the dominant position of European powers and of the United States in the Far East remained unmistakable. In fact, the European powers occupied Indochina and shared the occupation of China. Asia remained a stifled...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. 1931-1935: Reasons, motivations and the first foot of Japanese expansion in China.. The expansion: Economical necessity for Japanese ambitions.. Japanese Imperialism on the march: The policy of aggressive conquests...»

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Thomas Hobbes

Document abstract : «Thomas Hobbes was born in England, in 1588, prematurely because of the fear created by the approaching Spanish Armada. He studied at the Magdalen College, Oxford until the age of nineteen, and then he became connected to the Cavendish family,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Outline.. State of nature.. Sovereignty has to be absolute.. The efficiency constraint of sovereignty. . The attributes of sovereignty according to Hobbes.. The Leviathan and its historical context.. Reference.....»

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US policy towards the Taliban since the end of the cold war

Document abstract : «The withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989 did not provoke the fall of Najibullah's communist regime, but rather the beginning of Civil war between the different factions and ethnics. The US was officially not interested anymore in that part of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. US policies towards Afghanistan between 1989 and 2001.. The reasons of the evolution of this policy.. What could Washington have done differently regarding the Taliban to promote U.S. interests in Afghanistan....»

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Assess the significance of the Watergate scandal

Document abstract : «Born in 1913 in California, Richard Nixon became the 37th president of the United States in 1968, after being governor of California in 1950, then vice-president at the side of Eisenhower. This republican president earned a big success at the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The scandal of Watergate.. Begining.. The obstruction to justice.. An abuse of power.. Nixon's position.. Illegal financing and immoral behaviour.. The re-election of Richard Nixon and the trial.. The President according to the...»

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The structure of the Terror locally and nationally

Document abstract : «The terror is often depicted as the most violent period of the French Revolution, and maybe of the French history. The terror is a regime set up by Robespierre and the Committee of public safety in the aftermath of the fall of the Girondins on the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Coming of public safety into power.. Victory of the Jacobins over the Girondins.. Dictatorship of the Committee of public safety.. Economic policy of the Committee.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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