Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

Russian and east European politics

Document abstract : «Full democratization does not necessarily follow regime change. Hybrid or 'grey democracies' have also emerged after 1989. Choose two countries from the former Soviet bloc, one from the countries recently admitted to the European Union and one such...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The fall of the Berlin wall.. Influence of the background environment.. The international context as the background factor.. The electoral system and the democratic transition.. The civil society.. Conclusion.....»

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Explain why French trade unions, which enjoy so little support, nevertheless seem to exert considerable political influence

Document abstract : «In France, trade unions were legalised in 1884, but developed very slowly. Trade unions have never enjoyed phenomenal support in France as in the post-war period approximately 35% of workers belonged to a trade union as opposed to a mere 8-9%...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Explaining dwindled support for trade unions called 'desyndicalisation'.. Trade Unions encounter substantial internal problems.. The political context also contributes to the 'desyndicalisation'.. Last but not least, the economic...»

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The respective cultural and social significance of the landlord, middleman and tenant in Irish life in the period 1780 - 1914

Document abstract : «According to the Census of 1851, it appears that there were 570, 338 tenants farmers in Ireland who accounted for over half of the rural population. This census also shows that 10, 000 landlords owned most of the land. These numbers show an unfair...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The landlord.. The land for which he did not pay any rent. . The minor gentleman or large farmer.. The peasant who paid a rent to the middleman.. The absence of market involved.. Evictions of tenan...»

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The characteristics of traditional French social movements

Document abstract : «The events of May-June 1968 in France broke out in the wake of an international wave of protest that occurred previously in many countries such as the United States, Germany and Italy (Duyvendak 1992, 137-138). The events of 1870, 1919 and 1936...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The emergence of the contemporary French political structure and the impact of 1789.. French social movements.. Pattern and opportunities of the French contemporary political system.. Tilly's view.. The social movement...»

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The future of multilingualism in European institutions

Document abstract : «The progressive enlargement of the European Union brings about many questions, among which linguistic diversity deserves to be explored. In light of the changes brought about by globalization and the resulting emergence of a so-called "global"...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. International linguistic tendencies.. International communication.. Global institutions.. Commercial negotiations.. Languages and European integration.. Language demographics.. Free trade vs cultural identity.. The impact of...»

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How did the feminist politics appear in the nineteenth century?

Document abstract : «The nineteenth century was very significant for women, mainly because they were at a turning point in their living conditions. It was ascertained that their place was at home and they were not able to think, unlike men. This situation was considered...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The political background of the period.. The birth of feminist politics.. The subsequent evolution of feminist political ideas.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Explain and Illustrate the concept of "limited war" in the context of the cold war

Document abstract : «After 1945, the parallel rises of US and USSR, emerged two superpowers in competition at all levels, fighting for hegemony on the post war world. Characterized by the possession of the nuclear weapon, obtained and used in 1945 by the United States...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The classical strategy.. The USSR expansion.. The ultimate goal of limited war in the Cold War.. Limited war objectives.. Relevance of the Korean War.. Well defined objective.. The second characteristic of limited war.. The battle...»

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Crisis? What crisis? Darfur

Document abstract : «Is there a crisis in Darfur? This question looks at first sight rather provoking; everybody is aware of what is happening there. It is one of the main international hot spots. All the more so as the horrible events in Darfur are everything but new....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.. The classical strategy.. The first of these fears.. The second fear.. The belligerents have strategic interests at a global level.. A nuclear limited war could lead to an escalation to the...»

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Explain the chief causes of the conflict in Chechnya

Document abstract : «The conflict in Chechnya constitutes one of the most burning issues of the post Cold War Russian federation politics. Actually, the two wars, that took place under Yeltsine's and Putin's presidencies, from 1994 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2001, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Russia and Chechnya conflicts.. The relations between Russian and North Caucasians.. The appointment of General Alexis Yermolov.. The creation of Confederation of Mountain People.. Chechen nationalism.. The emergence of Russian...»

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How successful are the attempts to create a citizenship of the European Union?

Document abstract : «Although the formal concept of European citizenship appeared for the first time in the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992, the idea thereof goes back to the early years of the European construction. The Treaty founding the European Coal and Steel...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Great achievements made, leading to the formal creation of a European citizenship.. The Treaty of Maastricht and the later additions.. Attempts going beyond the basic granting of rights by pushing for the emergence of a European...»

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The rising Level of Xenophobia: Being a Black African Foreigner in South Africa

Document abstract : «Despite the transition from a very authoritarian regime to a young democracy, post- Apartheid South Africa has not yet managed to get rid of the racist burden that undermines South African political life. Racism is still deeply entrenched within the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract.. The SAHRC.. Identifying the problem.. The passage from a very authoritarian regime to a democracy.. Public authorities: Less keen to contradict.. The gap between laws and their applications.. Misperceptions of foreigners by South...»

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"Discussion about the limitations of liberal feminism with particular reference to the construction of gender and across class, race, ethnicity and religious belief

Document abstract : «Feminist ideas and feminist politics have emerged because of the fact that in nearly all societies which divide the sexes into differing cultural, economic or political spheres, women are less valued than men (Robert Shoemaker and Mary Vincent 1998,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Liberal feminism: History, characteristics and definition.. What are the limitations and criticisms of liberal feminism?. The feminist theories which try to go beyond the liberal one.. Does multicultural and global feminism have the...»

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"What is queer theory and how does it explain the production of knowledge about sexuality?"

Document abstract : «Introduction Applied to homosexuals, queer was initially a term of homophobic abuse, and while it retains that meaning, it is also now used as a neutrally descriptive term. (As an ethnic label, black has made the same semantic journey.) Queer is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. What is queer theory and how does it explain the production of knowledge about sexuality?. What is queer theory.. How does queer theory explain the production of knowledge about sexuality?. Disrupting heteronormativity.. Taking up a...»

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French citizenship is relatively open to immigrants while German citizenship is relatively closed. Discuss with reference to post-war immigration to France and Germany

Document abstract : «Mobs recently occurred in France in dozens of poor districts in reaction to the death of two young men. As most of the population of these districts is made up of immigrants or descendants of immigrants, the emphasis has been put by some of the most...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The German nation pre-existed the German state.. The French conception of the nation-state.. Nationhood in France and Germany and its political and theoretical turn.. External factors that need to be taken into consideration regarding...»

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"Britain for and against Europe", by David Baker & David Seawright

Document abstract : «This study, by a group of important political thinkers, provides an analysis of the often problematic relationship between Britain and the European Union. The book opens with a general review of the history of this relationship since 1950. This is...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The European Issue in British Politics by Andrew Gamble.. The big influence is The United States.. A 'Rosy' map of Europe? Labour parliaments and European integration by David Baker and David Seawright.. The authors' attempt to...»

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Coal: energy of the future or energy of the past?

Document abstract : «In 2006, Doctor Heinz Scholtholt, member of a German firm of the energy industry (STEAG), pretended that Germany could become the worldwide leader of the coal industry by developing new clean coal technologies. Less than a year later, the German...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Coal as oil use's corollary.. The first fossil fuel energy until the massive exploitation of oil.. The new demand of coal as consequence of the end of the oil's era.. A North/South reading of the oil's crisis: nuclear vs. coal?. Coal...»

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The Nature of Man "early Modern" anthropological suppositions and their role in the construction of the State

Document abstract : «The opposition between the Ancients and the Moderns is often criticized. If there is anything like this, one may find it in the opposition of natural rights. In classical natural right, the nature is an essence to be realized; it is an aim, not a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Hobbes' notion of the nature of man.. Hobbes' man: A very cynical or at least pessimistic.. The nature of man in Hobbes: The composition of two dimensions.. Speech and reason.. Pessimistic assumptions.. Hobbes' anthropology.. Locke's...»

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What are the causes and the consequences of division within the mainstream Right, and to what extent has the creation of the UMP in 2002 created a new unity?

Document abstract : «The French party system has traditionally been very divided. However, the Fifth Republic is the most "efficient" and stable democratic regime France has ever experienced. Despite this, there still appear to be divisions between the mainstream...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The French Right has historically been deeply divided.. 'Many Rights' whose roots are deeply embedded in history.. More recent issues that keep dividing the mainstream Right.. The apparently inherent division of the mainstream...»

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Conservative welfare states and the challenge of universal citizenship

Document abstract : «When the newly unified Germany implemented in 1883 the first health insurance system, it paved the way for further moves towards extensive provision of public welfare for workers, but it also introduced a substantive change concerning the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Universal citizenship as a moral and political demand.. A legal status for all the people.. Towards a status conditioned by the economic participation?. The social consequence and the political challenge of universal citizenship.. The...»

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Churchill & Roosevelt during the Second World War: The Special Relationship

Document abstract : «The 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet in Pearl Harbor. From then on, the war is no more only European but officially global. The next day, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States, declared war on Japan. With the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A beginning friendship.. An improbable relationship.. The bases of a shared and sincere affection.. A political alliance based on common values.. Shared values.. A common aim.. Two men at the head of rival states.. An unbalanced...»

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The Iranian Issue: The emergence of a main potential threat for the international security

Document abstract : «The Iranian regime appears to be one of the main present sources of threat for the international order and security. The nuclear programme that has been undertaken by its president Ahmadinezhad is raising strong tensions between this country and the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Historical background: From a 'status quo power' to a 'revisionist one'.. Iran's historical background before the Islamic Revolution of 1979.. The new Islamic Republic of Iran: The emergence of a 'revisionist power'.. The Iranian...»

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Australian culture, between complex and suspicion?

Document abstract : «In his review of My life as a fake, Blake Morrison makes the following observation: "Carey is fascinated by what the hoax says about Australian culture - both its "terror of being out of date" and its suspicion of European-style bullshit []." Do...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Ern Malley affair.. Reasons why the Australian culture is fragile.. Australians and the British achievements.. Cultural intelligentsia.. Australian myths.. The process of identity building.. Conclusion.....»

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The democratic deficit and the role of the EU Parliament

Document abstract : «Since the beginning of the 90's and the end of the "permissive consensus", the democratic deficit of the European Union has increasingly become high on the agenda of scholars and decision-makers. Defined as "the growing dissonance between the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The structural weakness of the EU Parliament.. The uncertainty of the EU public support as a correlative consequence of EP weakness.. The configuration of power in terms of media visibility and opinion...»

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How far have the French succeeded in imposing a necessary reduction on the role and power of the state?

Document abstract : «The French state has always occupied a central and essential role and has over the years taken measures to reduce state power. This necessity has to be related to the unprecedented shift in the balance of power, when the Socialists won the elections...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The push towards decentralisation.. The system of 'tutelle' (guardianship).. The wave of globalisation and liberalisation.. The French State.. The Jacobin tradition.. The French system of 'grandes ecoles' (competitive-entry higher...»

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To what extent does multiculturalism in developed liberal democracies adequately address the issue of religious diversity?

Document abstract : «In recent years diversity in developed liberal democracies has deeply increased. Indeed, in European countries, as in America or in Australia many migrants came to work. Whereas the first migration movements happened within Western countries (e.g....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Liberal democracies are more and more diverse in their social structure.. The willingness to be nation-states.. Multiculturalism.. Issues that provoked intense debates.. Multiculturalism an adequate address to the issue of religious...»

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China & Japan

Document abstract : «Sino-Japanese relationships are very complex. Historically, both countries have known a kind of "Golden Age" when they dominated the Pacific region. Before the arrival of the Europeans, China was dominant. Then Japan modernized a lot during the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A Sino Japanese relation characterized by diplomatic and political tensions.. Two states haunted by their common past.. The importance of public opinions.. The Diaoyu dao and Sengaku islands issue. . An ambiguous economic...»

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Social policy and practice in Canada, a history, by Alvin Finkel

Document abstract : «Social Policy and Practice in Canada is a history book, which deals with the birth and the evolution of the Welfare State in Canada since pre-confederation times. It aims at narrating but also analyzing the social policy, defined as a "set of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The approach is both chronological and thematic. . The social system of the Natives.. The First World War and the Great Depression.. Link between social policy and grand issues.. Women's congregations.. Feminization of poverty.. The...»

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Quebec separatism

Document abstract : «One of the main concerns since the creation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867 has been the Quebec question. Nowadays, it is still a big issue in Canadian politics. Quebec has always appeared as a 'distinct society' within the country. It is the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The separatist movement.. Nationalism as a reason for the power of the separatist movement in Quebec. . The most striking proof for the power of the separatist movement in Quebec.. A larger economic argument. . Attempt to preserve...»

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Gay rights in Canada and the US

Document abstract : «From an external point of view, Canada and the United States are sometimes considered as pretty similar countries, concerning cultures and policies. However, these two countries can have very different behaviours on some issues. This is the case in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. What is included in gay rights.. homosexuality and the United States: A taboo subject.. Canada and the United States.. Conclusion.. Bibliography.....»

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Judicial activism in Canada

Document abstract : «In 1982, Canada has known a very significant shift with the adoption of the Charter of Right of Freedom. Before this date, Canada only had a Bill of Rights (1960's) which was a statute and did not allow the courts to restrict the action of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Canadian courts: Grand decisions since the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. . The behaviour of the Canadian courts.. The question of legitimacy in judicial activism.. Virulent criticisms and judicial...»

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