Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

European Court of Justice - motor for European integration?

Document abstract : «In 1996, British Prime Minister John Major has bitterly noted that European Court of Justice (ECJ) should "have its wings clipped", as already back in 1996 some member states, eager to protect their sovereignty, feared the growing influence of the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. ECJ provides an effective framework for motoring European legal integration.. ECJ jurisprudence has strengthened and clarified EU law.. ECJ has provided a dynamic framework for effective and simplified integration drive.. ECJ is an...»

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Vienna Convention on consular relations

Document abstract : «THE HAGUE, 10 March 2005. Today the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, delivered its Judgment in the case concerning Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America). ...»

Synopsis abstract : «Holdings of the court.. Facts and jurisdiction of the court.. The facts.. The admissibility of the submissions and the jurisdiction of the court.. The court's reasoning on the merits.. Violations of Articles 36 and 5.. The violation of the order for...»

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The Democratic Deficit in the EU

Document abstract : «For years, the European construction appeared to be legitimate through a 'permissive consensus' since no significant opposition to the integration process was to be noticed. Nevertheless, a major debate underlined a 'democratic deficit' in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Analysis of the classical theories.. The (neo)neofunctional approach.. The federalist perspective.. An intergovernmentalist perspective.. Necessity of a new type of democracy at the supranational level.. The new governance analysis: A...»

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Environment and international trade

Document abstract : «The warming of the planet and global climatic change has been the centre of heated debate for the last few years. The environmental problems, by the force of nature, somehow set themselves to the political agenda of the planet. In this paper I'd...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Trade and environment in relation to each other.. The problem of pollution and Environment protection.. Environment and the developing countries.. The legal frame provided by the WTO.. Key provisions.. Two examples of WTO...»

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Critically consider Thomas Franck's argument about an emerging right to democratic governance in international law with particular reference to the recent Palestinian elections returning a Hamas governing authority

Document abstract : «"Democratic tradition involves a richly evolving collection of diverse beliefs, processes and structures that are neither easily characterized in concise terms nor summarized in a single systematic philosophy of governance" . The complexity of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Emergence of a right to democratic governance.. Franck's argument.. Focus on electoral rights.. The issue raised by the Palestinian elections returning a Hamas governing authority.. The Palestinian election was perfectly...»

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Was there ever any realistic chance of an accommodation between the United States and the People's Republic of China in 1949/50?

Document abstract : «In early 1949, China was a nationalist country, ruled by Chiang Kai-shek and sustained by the United States. At the same time, the Chinese Communists were rebelling and ruling large parts of the country, and were constantly progressing. It was...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. No chance of an accommodation in a bipolar world.. Two ideologies completely opposed.. Contradictory policies.. The 'lost chance'?. Early 1949: An open-ended strategy.. Interests in finding an...»

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Governance in the European Union: Policies

Document abstract : «The Common Fisheries Policy is one of the oldest policies entirely delegated to the European Community since it is part of the Common agricultural policy. Indeed, in the Treaty of Rome, agricultural products are defined as "the products of the soil,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. General features of the common fisheries policy.. The 1983 council regulation.. Objectives of the policy.. The 1992 planned reform.. The creation of Regional Advisory Councils.. Three characteristic principles.. Liberal...»

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Towards a democratisation of the Middle-East?

Document abstract : «The Middle East has traditionally been a region where democracy has never really managed to break through. The times of the caliphs had been replaced by a more or less violent period of colonisation. When the time for decolonisation finally came,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The explanation of Middle-East.. Problems and questions to be answered.. Regional features that can have a direct or indirect influence on the democratisation of the region.. The factors leading towards democracy.. Theoretical...»

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Visions of America

Document abstract : «As most of the exchange students who came here in Lund for one or two semesters, and who decided to attend the class on Swedish society and everyday life, I've been struck in several occasions by the Swedes, some of their behaviours or some elements...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Americanization.. Tom O'Dell's view.. Measurement of such an influence.. Globalisation and Americanization.. Elements of America.. The McDonalds.. McDonalds is a great trans-national firm.. The TV sh...»

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The European citizenship

Document abstract : «According to the European Commission, "citizenship of the Union is both a source of legitimation of the process of European integration, by reinforcing the participation of citizens, and a fundamental factor in the creation among citizens of a sense...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The rudimentary foundations of the European citizenship echo the particularities of the European integration.. The notion of the European citizenship in the treaties reflects the complexities of the European integration.. The symbolic...»

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The nature of present-day public administration theory

Document abstract : «"A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation". This quote from Edmond Burke can be applied not only to the state but also, to some extent, to the field of public administration. Indeed, a book such as The Public...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The theory of administrative conjunction or the new direction of public administration.. A dilemma: The changing practice of public administration.. A case-study: The Kansas City metropolitan area.. A consequence: The repositioning of...»

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Global warming may open Northwest Passage

Document abstract : «It is almost daily that television news mention environmental and natural disasters in each area of the world. Thus, the recent environmental events in the last years were cyclones like Katrina, tsunamis, floods, dryness Scientifics don't give a...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Global warming appears now as a fact recognized but much debated.. The general consensus about the characteristics and the effects of global warming.. The Global warming controversy.. Some isolated actions to fight against the...»

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China and the USSR in the 1950's: Has China been a satellite-State of the Soviet Union?

Document abstract : «Stalin used to say: "Sincere diplomacy is no more possible than dry water or wooden iron": this quote can perfectly apply to the relations that the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union have fostered during the first years of the creation...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The first few months or few years of the creation of the People's Republic of China.. The communist struggle for power.. The USSR's attempt to increase its influence on China.. The mutual willingness to create strong ties between the...»

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Manix - environmental analysis: Objectives and strategy formulation

Document abstract : «Manix is a brand belonging to Ansell, a company operating in three business segments (professional health care division, consumer health care gloves and occupational division for gloves and clothing worn for protection). Manix is developed in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «External analysis. The PEST analysis.. The Porter analysis.. Key factors.. Formulation of OT.. Internal analysis.. The SW analysis.. Weaknesses.. Objectives.. Strategy.. Bibliography.....»

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Gender equality and employment in the European Union

Document abstract : «Gender equality is among the fundamental principles and the common values of the European Union. In the 2nd Article of the Treaty of the European Community, it is even mentioned as a "task" to perform for the Community, and again in Article 3(2)...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Women in labour market.. Balancing work and family life.. Why is there a need for reconciliation?. The different factors and determinants.. Gender pay gap and decision-making position.. The persistent gender pay gap.. Decision-making...»

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Nationalism and Regionalism in the era of the making of a common European identity

Document abstract : «The year 2000 will be and have already been pivotal for the European Union. Ten new countries became full members of the Union and Turkey is on his way to the membership. But the 2005 failure to make all the countries sign the project of European...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. A common European identity?. The making of identity.. Can we speak of a common European identity?. Obstacles to the making of this common identity.. Nationalism.. Ethnic and religious tensions.. Alternatives to the European...»

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Problems in multilateral diplomacy: Iran's nuclear program

Document abstract : «"Iran now lies at the center of the Middle East's major problems": civil wars in Iraq and Lebanon, development and security challenges in Afghanistan and in the Gulf, oil crisis, etc. But the main issue concerning the Islamic Republic of Iran for...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Iran and the international proliferation control regime: The 'unfairness' of the NPT.. The Reaction of the international community.. Incentives for Iran and advantages of its situation.. Challenges and prospect for multilateral...»

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What's wrong with the elite theory of democracy?

Document abstract : «The elite theory of democracy has emerged out of two major concerns of its precursors: no theory of democracy until now has given leadership the importance it ought to have, and none has really settled the issue of whether the common man is up to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Fundamental assumptions of the elite theory of democracy.. Various theories of democracy.. Schumpeter's view.. The concept of 'circulation of elites'.. Procedural democracy.. The classical theory of democracy.. The concept of...»

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Should the US help India and Pakistan normalize their relations? If so, what role should it play? Mediation, facilitation or hands off?

Document abstract : «Although a full historical of the disputes between India and Pakistan and the problem of Kashmir is not necessary, it is important to remember that in the last years, the situation has greatly evolved with for instance, the nuclear tests of 1998,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Why the US should be involved in the normalization process.. The impossibility to choose between India and Pakistan.. The need for normalization of bilateral relations for stability.. New conditions favoring US involvement.. What the...»

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European integration theories

Document abstract : «There is an increasingly accepted agreement that the EU and the process of European integration are just too complex to be captured by a single theoretical approach. Hix holds to this point: "We do not have a general theory of American or German...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The unique phenomenon of European integration.. The realistic theory.. The liberal intergovernmentalism approach.. The constructivists.. The developing of the neo-institutionalist theory.. Conclusion.....»

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Afghanistan: Threats and opportunities for the Transatlantic relation

Document abstract : «Afghanistan represents undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges for the Western democracies. The reversal of the Taliban by the international coalition led by the United States after the 9/11 terrorist attacks was seen as a symbol of hope. This...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Afghanistan, 5 years after: Some achievements and great disappointments.. Post-war governance: Installing democracy in Afghanistan.. The failed development of Afghanistan.. The resurgence of the insurgency and the Taliban.. The...»

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Polonsky M. J., Brito P. Q., Pinto J. and Higgs-Kleyn N. (2001). Consumer Ethics in the European Union: A comparison of northern and southern views

Document abstract : «Our article for seminar three is called Consumer Ethics in the European Union: a Comparison of Northern and Southern Views. It discusses the issue of a single European market and the cultural problems that occur in this growing "integrated" market....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Integrated regulations and standards.. Overall economic development and growth differences between the North and South of the EU.. Conclusion.. References.....»

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The integration of immigrant people

Document abstract : «Canada is the second multicultural country in the world after Australia. According to Statistics Canada (2001), 18.4% of the total population in Canada was born outside the country (Caidi, N., & Allard, D. 2005). Many cultures are therefore in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Personal background and origin.. Ethnicity: A shared cultural heritage based on language.. The Muslim community and Muslim women.. The time spent in the host country.. A young immigrant and ethnic, national, integration or diffuse...»

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How do the international conferences participate in resisting the globalization movement?

Document abstract : «Globalization is a phenomenon that appeared in the early 20th century. It refers to an increase in the interdependence of the economies, societies, cultures and politics. Globalization has disrupted the face of the World since its apparition....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Westernization.. Of the most important issues in the globalization process.. International conferences to resist a hegemonic domination by the Western countries.. The annual international conference.. The impact of this...»

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Using the examples of organically grown coffee in Mexico and fair trade bananas St-Vincent, this paper argues that a new global 'Green Revolution' is underway

Document abstract : «'Globalization is the increasing interdependence, integration and interaction among people and corporations in disparate locations around the world' . This phenomenon can have good effects such as helping developing countries improve their economy...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The Green Revolution.. Coffee as one of the worlds most valuable agricultural commodities.. The expression 'Coffee generation'.. A few sceptical coffee producers in South America.. The demand for organically grown productions.. The...»

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The Lisbon treaty

Document abstract : «The 27 European leaders reached a deal on the new "Reform Treaty" during a two-day summit at Lisbon on October 18th and 19th 2007, ending more than two years of political crisis after the French and Dutch referenda. This agreement comes after a long...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The new draft Treaty.. Plans for deeper European foreign policy cooperation and a more permanent President. . The Qualified Majority Voting in the Council.. The 'double majority rule'.. Poland: Agreement about the so-called 'Ionnina...»

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The liberal and neo-liberal theories applied to the Kosovo crisis in 1998-1999

Document abstract : «Kosovo is mostly known as a region in the former Yugoslavia where, in 1998 and 1999, there was growing violence between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), which sought independence from Serbia, and the Serbian army and police, which were randomly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The neoliberal theory: Providing a relevant explanation for why NATO intervened in Kosovo.. the Kosovo crisis: A strong precedent for multilateral action, a key concept of the liberal theory.. Consolidating the international law and...»

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Outline de Gaulle's vision of France's international role and discuss the ways in which his foreign policy sought to realise this vision

Document abstract : «The immediate cause of Charles de Gaulle's resumption of power (1958-1969) was the Algerian War, which had brought France to the brink of civil war and destroyed the Fourth Republic. By ending the war, de Gaulle had the chance to resurrect his...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The policy of grandeur: A world design?. De Gaulle's vision of the world.. De Gaulle and France's empire.. France's autonomy vis-a-vis the United States protectorate.. The end of French technical and economic subjection to the United...»

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The European union's development policy toward Africa

Document abstract : «On December 8th and 9th 2007 the summit of African and European leaders has hold in Lisbon. It is the second ever Summit between heads of states and governments from EU and Africa after the Cairo Summit in 2000. The 52 countries of the African...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. African development as one of the first European policies, since the Rome Treaty.. The reasons of Euro-African co-operations and development aids.. The main affairs concerned by this cooperation, the priorities, and means of...»

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To what extent can the Thatcher-type reforms be applied in France or adapted to France?

Document abstract : «During the past twelve years, three of Jacques Chirac's Prime ministers -Alain Juppé, Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Dominique de Villepin- decided to reform but backed out in the face of protests. The election of a new President, who claimed that he was...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. similarities between N. Sarkozy and M. Thatcher. . Change in the political colour: 1964 and 1979 in England and 1981 and 2002 in France.. Another main difference between the situations in the two...»

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