«Senator Hillary Clinton's bid for the Democratic nomination for President was historic not only because she was the first woman to ever become a serious contender for the nomination, but also because she was the first, First Lady in history to ever...» Summary abstract
«Nowhere do competing theoretical, ideological and political views rage more fiercely, than in the debates surrounding the existence and organization of the modern welfare state. For some, the welfare state stands as a testimony to human achievement...» Summary abstract
«Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. It can be considered a branch of the broader socialist movement. Communism as a political goal is...» Summary abstract
«Dr. Condoleezza Rice was sworn in as Secretary of State on January 25, 2005. She is a clear example of a leader, which possesses certain traits that have led her to where she is today. In order to evaluate her as a leader, it is necessary to look...» Summary abstract
«This is an essay on cultural relativism in the field of political ethics. Yesterday confined to anthropological studies, the idea infiltrated the domain of international morality after the Second World War. It developed from its original virtues of...» Summary abstract
«The elite theory of democracy has emerged out of two major concerns of its precursors: no theory of democracy until now has given leadership the importance it ought to have, and none has really settled the issue of whether the common man is up to...» Summary abstract
«Although sharing institutions for over seventy years, and the transition pathways from communism, the two successor states of the former Czechoslovakia have faced different challenges in the state-building process and adopted distinct economic...» Summary abstract
«The presidential election of the year 2000 will be the source of controversy for years to come. Since its conclusion on Dec.12, 2000, in the U.S. Supreme Court, volumes have been written criticizing the court's decision in Bush v. Gore - which...» Summary abstract
«The French party system emerged in the form of parliamentary factions in the Third Republic. Soon enough, these factions were no longer only evident at the parliamentary level, but were organising the nation. From 1958, there is a considerable...» Summary abstract
«September 11, 2001 was a date that was very tragic for the American people since this was the date that America was attacked by terrorist groups using commercial airplanes to destroy the Twin Towers of New York and other federal buildings in...» Summary abstract
«Since its beginning, about five decades ago, the mass media have been intertwined with political processes of every type, ranging from coverage of major political events and institutions to effects on campaigns and elections. In our liberal...» Summary abstract
«Terrorism by definition is the systematic use of violence, terror and intimidation to achieve an end. However, this definition has translated into a horrid way of life that has inflicted pain, death and mourning to individuals all over the world....» Summary abstract
«War And The American Presidency was written by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who used to be an adviser for Adlai Stevenson's campaign and a special assistant to President Kennedy . He participated in the founding of Americans for Democratic Action,...» Summary abstract
«The emergence of Kosovo as a modern nation-state is a recent development, tracing its immediate roots to the 1990s. At this time Kosovo was still a province of Serbia and under the authority of Serbia's leader, Slobodan Milosevic. Milosevic went to...» Summary abstract
«We have a global crisis on our hands. For decades, industrial agriculturists have ravaged and monopolized our global countryside and our global resources. Recently, as world hunger awareness has grown, these corporations would claim in the name of...» Summary abstract
«Nowadays women are increasingly accessing to high political positions in State office. Indeed, three women recently reached the status of Head of State in different countries: Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Ellen Johnson-Sirlead in Liberia, and Tarja...» Summary abstract
«Comparison and explanation of the political instability experienced by pre-Fifth Republic France, during the Third and Fourth Republics of Weimar, Germany and post-war Italy
The aim of this essay is to understand and analyze the different...» Summary abstract
«Since the 18th century, the contrasted views of the state in the Anglo-Saxon world and in France diverge on the notion of public interest. Both movements of thought frequently oppose the vision of an aggregate of the particular interests of citizens...» Summary abstract
«Political corruption trickles down the entire social and economic skeleton of Mexico, or formally, The United Mexican States. The system of corruption is undoubtedly to blame for the state's lack of development- but to what extent? Starting with...» Summary abstract
«Feminism is a critical social and political movement who first emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth with women's claims of equal rights in society and in the political sphere, with the right of vote. But...» Summary abstract
«During the late 1980s, when debates between neorealists and neoliberals seemed to exhaust themselves, so-called 'constructivist' researches made their appearance. By asserting themselves as an alternative to realism, they reinterpret its main...» Summary abstract
«Can't wait for the new Jay Z album to go on sale to get your own copy? Don't want to shell out $19.99 (plus tax!) for the latest Modest Mouse record? For those growing up in the Internet generation, these hurdles are trivial. Peer-to-peer (P2P) file...» Summary abstract
«The history of terrorism in Sri Lanka is mainly a history of the Tamil Tigers and their use of suicide attacks to promote an independent Tamil State, but there is also another terrorist history that the country has dealt with, and that is the...» Summary abstract
«Corporations are the cornerstone of the North American economy. While they were first formed as non-profit organizations created for the public good in European societies, by the 17th century, the focus for many corporations changed and the drive...» Summary abstract
«Affirmative action is a positive discrimination to ensure the social and economic enhancement of under represented minorities. It provides external support to remove people from the vicious circle of economic backwardness and incompetence....» Summary abstract
«The state of Arkansas' distinct political environment requires a well planned policy initiative in order to drastically change policy, such as to increase the state's income tax. With a number of costly initiatives currently being implemented,...» Summary abstract
«Throughout history, nations have subordinated others politically, culturally and economically. The ruling regime usually used people who spoke out as an example in order to stifle the rest of the population. The ruling regime would utilize such...» Summary abstract
«Canada, with its more or less 30 million people, is one of the United States biggest trading partners. As a matter of fact Canada is the US largest market for its agricultural export in the northern hemisphere. This importance of the Canadian market...» Summary abstract
«Globalization, namely the neoliberal economic policies and democratic decentralized market oriented state, is considered to be both a positive and negative development. Globalization intends to improve the conditions of developing countries so that...» Summary abstract
«Since the independence of Sudan in 1956, Darfur, situated in the western part of the country, has been confronted with numerous and violent conflicts. The actual crisis in the region began in February 2003 and opposed originally the non-Arab rebels...» Summary abstract
«Robert Kagan's Of Paradise and Power was published in January 2003. The book is in fact an extension of the author's article "Power and Weakness" which appeared in the Policy Review in June 2002. In his book, Kagan presents a very interesting point...» Summary abstract
«The events which disturbed South America started in the 70's and during the period 1975-1982 for Central America. Encouraged by the reversal of power of general Pinochet in Chili on September the 11th in 1973, other countries of the South American...» Summary abstract
«Tony Blair addressed a discourse to the congress of the United States of America (USA) on July, 17th, 2003. It is a political text strongly related to the political context at that point of time, which I will discuss later on. The discourse can be...» Summary abstract
«The issues of national identity, citizenship and multiculturalism are definitely in the middle of nowadays debates. In his work, John Rex develops the approach that the development of multiculturalism policies might diminish tensions between...» Summary abstract
«In 2005, in her book entitled Beyond identity politics - feminism, power and politics, Moya Lloyd writes: "feminism is an identity politics" so far as "it articulates the demands of a particular constituency (women), united and galvanized on the...» Summary abstract
«This text is the analysis of an extract from the book On Patriotism, written between 1730 and 1754 by John Bolingbroke. Bolingbroke was a politician and thinker: he participated to the political life in Britain and was particularly MP in the Tories'...» Summary abstract
«Robert Kagan is a neo-conservative American scholar and political commentator. He was born on September 26th 1958 in Athens. After graduating from Yale University in 1980, he earned a Masters from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard...» Summary abstract
«Looking at the definition quoted by G.Esping-Andersden, the Welfare State seems to be a really simple thing: "it involves state responsibility for securing some basic modicum of welfare for citizens". However, the welfare state corresponds to...» Summary abstract
«Renewed interest in civil society emerged in the late 1980s; it coincided with the resurgence of political democracy throughout the world. Indeed, it has been increased with the growing tendency towards democratization in Eastern Europe, and...» Summary abstract
«Among the numerous works presented in The Marx and Engels reader, edited by Robert C. Tucker, I've decided to focus my study on that which seems to me to be the most influential text in Marx's work, the Manifesto of the Communist Party. The...» Summary abstract
«The historiography of the political and intellectual origins of the Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services - or Beveridge Report, named after William Beveridge, the Chairman of the Commission- was chiefly displayed in the document itself....» Summary abstract
«The debate triggered by the new Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive action lies in the amalgamation between pre-emptive (i.e. anticipatory) and preventive self-defense. While the former finds legal and political basis, the latter is, so far, hardly...» Summary abstract
«More and more people are complaining about bureaucracy. Indeed, if we take the example of the current French debate about the European Constitution, we can see that a lot of politicians are ascribed to Brussels bureaucrats; the difficulties people...» Summary abstract
«Modern democracies are definitely linked to the concept of representation. We do not have any democracy which operates without resorting to representative governance. This principle is solely the fact of our modern times, it seems to have been...» Summary abstract
«Although the Thatcher years marked a significant break from the post-war political settlement, 'Thatcherism did not cause a single, abrupt caesura appearing out of the blues'. Truly, Thatcher's success during her years has mostly depended on a range...» Summary abstract
«The wide spectrum of political groups in the United States has expanded as society and technology progress, creating groups that are can be very liberal, very conservative, very socialist, very feminist or any degree of moderate. The most extreme...» Summary abstract
«Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, strong winds of change have been sweeping across the European continent. With the growth of the European Union into the region's dominant political force, the last remnants of...» Summary abstract
«Party politics is about power. It's about who has more and by how wide a margin. In an increasingly polarized political culture, a noticeable swing in power to either party could have far-reaching and sweeping legislative consequences. Modern...» Summary abstract
«According to the Richard Harris, author of "The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs," Globalization refers in general to the worldwide integration of humanity and the compression of both the temporal and spatial dimensions of...» Summary abstract
«Nuclear weapons are as controversial and notorious today as they were in August 1945 when the first atomic weapon was dropped on Hiroshima. These "weapons of mass destruction" inspire awe and fear, and some believe will eventually result in...» Summary abstract
«Now approaching its 30-year anniversary, China's one-child policy has been in effect since 1979, when it was introduced by Deng Xiaoping. It was a policy that was originally intended to be a short-term solution to an exploding population in the late...» Summary abstract
«We are constantly inundated with news about Baby Boomers and retirement, especially as it relates to concerns that baby boomers are not adequately prepared for retirement, and also worry separately about the state of Social Security in America. Many...» Summary abstract
«Persuasive messages appear in many different types of mediums including television, video games, magazines, books, newspapers, and billboards. One of the newest ways to present a persuasive message is YouTube. YouTube is an internet site that...» Summary abstract
«All modern states have a constitution, albeit each is very different. The main purpose of a constitution is to restrain government, in the sense of ensuring that governments are not arbitrary. Government must be carried out according to established...» Summary abstract
«Following the bombing, by Japan, of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the life of Japanese, both immigrants and Canadian nationals in Canada, drastically changed. Well documented are the horrific, slave-like conditions many...» Summary abstract
«James F. Simon makes an interesting statement in his book, "What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States," Simon proclaims that the tension between Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall played a...» Summary abstract
«In the sphere of comparative politics, and more specifically, African politics, many notable changes have taken place over the last two decades. In this time, considerable research on African politics has centered on democracy and its...» Summary abstract
«Within the realm of Canadian federalism, one of the core principles is the idea of equality between the provinces, particularly when it comes to social programs and services. As a Canadian, there are certain things we all hold dear, many of which...» Summary abstract
«Since Karl Marx's radical proposition of establishing a new society based primarily around the elimination of the bourgeoisie and the uprising of the working class, there have been an innumerable advocates, detractors, and vehement debates...» Summary abstract
«In the realm of political theory, there are many thinkers whose thoughts and writings have influenced the way that government's and societies operate today. As citizens, it is crucial for us, especially in the democratic systems that we a North...» Summary abstract
«When one endeavors to study sociology within the context of our society, we must view it and assess it in relation to the social infrastructures that are already in place. This in no small way means that politics needs to be a contributing factor. ...» Summary abstract
«Canadians have always loved the fact that their nation is a democracy, and arguable one of the most developed democracies in the world. However, now more than ever before, there is a call from many Canadians to reinvigorate and revitalize...» Summary abstract
«For more than a century welfare states have developed both in Western Europe and in North America. The welfare state is based on the idea that the state or the government should be responsible for maintaining a certain level of service for its...» Summary abstract
«Since the United States Constitution was written, there has been a constant tug-of-war for power between the three branches of government: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. In this time, the executive has been...» Summary abstract
«Tajikistan is a landlocked country in Southwest Asia surrounded by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The country is a republic headed by President Emomali Rakhmonov and Prime Minister Oquil Oqilov. There are currently NATO forces...» Summary abstract
«The US Department of Defense's health care program is perhaps one of the most complex in the country. With 91 hospitals and 374 clinics facilities spread over the entire country and overseas for the uniformed service individuals in the Army, Navy,...» Summary abstract
«But the physical wear on the nation was only a symbol of the complex divisions that cut through Afghanistan. After the Soviet invasion was repelled - by Mujahedin fighters equipped with American weaponry and advised by CIA contacts - the communist...» Summary abstract
«In this paper I will point out a few of the failures the Bush administration made prior to and during the current war in Iraq. I will also make recommendations for how things should have been done and how things need to be done in the current state...» Summary abstract
«Containment policy originates from a foreign policy strategy pursued by the United States during the post World War era introduced by George F. Kennan. Kennan had been a diplomat and a US State Department advisor who worked on Soviet affairs. He...» Summary abstract
«Burning bras, rebel "teenagers", rioting black Americans, burning cities, angry students and happy hippies are only a few amidst a veritable panoply of symbols of an exploding and ebullient young America struggling to find itself throughout the...» Summary abstract
«When Tony Blair decided, in 1997, to challenge the electoral power of four consecutive Conservative governments, he pertinently chose to call his draft for Labor's electoral platform New Labor, New Life for Britain. Indeed, Labor or shall we say New...» Summary abstract
«The rejection of the Constitutional Treaty by the French and Dutch citizens in the referendum of spring 2005 has caused a revival of the EU's legitimacy issue. It was also evidence for the fact that both the continuous strengthening of the European...» Summary abstract
«After the Second World War in 1945, the notion of 'crime against humanity' emerged to condemn the killing of the Jews by the Nazis. In reaction to this shock, several countries stood in favour of conveying a new way of thinking about international...» Summary abstract
«On the 13th of June 2004, except in a few countries (Ireland, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Czech Republic and United Kingdom where it occurred one or two days before), more than 338 millions European citizens went to the polls to choose their...» Summary abstract
«Bulgaria is due for accession to the European Union in 2007. According to most international reporting mechanisms the country has reached the final stages of democracy, and is ready to proceed with accession. While on many levels, such as...» Summary abstract
«Thatcherism is a political thought applied by the 3 successive governments led by Margaret Thatcher, from 1979 to 1990. It quickly evolved as a doctrine. Thatcherism came at a time when the post-war consensus was collapsing, and aimed at checking...» Summary abstract
«As Julia Gronnevet said, "comparing the United States to the Roman Empire is a popular pastime" . For instance, in his book entitled Are we Rome?: the Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America (2007), Cullen Murphy established some parallels between...» Summary abstract
«Fair Trade is an approach based on precise criterion of sustainable development; relations of exchanges of long duration and direct relations removing the intermediaries. According to these criterions, the Fair Trade organizations of North thus...» Summary abstract
«The South-Korean state's industrialization programs achieved national economic ob-jectives through the use of government economic policies, defined as "measures by which a government attempts to influence the economy" (Encyclopedia Britannica,...» Summary abstract
«'Man is by nature a political animal', arguing on that Aristolte induced the existence of political communities. Men lived in communities for decades. However, man's living condition has changed with the passage of time. One landmark change was in...» Summary abstract
«In the 1970s, new representative institutions were created in the twenty regions that make up Italy. The Italian government wanted to bring governance closer to the people, so that 'the citizens of Seveso and Pietrapertosa were now directed to...» Summary abstract
«On Monday 7th January 2008, the 35th "General Congregation" of the Society of Jesus, the famous religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and some followers, met to elect its 29th "General Superior", after the demission of P-H Kolvenbach...» Summary abstract
«At the end of the Cold war, the political models of modernization different from democracy were totally discredited. Democracy, defined by Ghassan Salamé as an 'arrangement institutionnnel qui permet de garantir la participation des citoyens au...» Summary abstract
«Between 1947 and 1960, the average real income for American workers increased by as much as it had in the previous half-century. Over the same period, the GDP soared 220%. Consumption of personal services increased by 3 times. In 1960, per capita...» Summary abstract
«The far-right in Europe has been a permanent feature in the European countries since the fifties. But for some years the far-right movement, most of the time a mix of populism and nationalism, has an increasing audience among the European...» Summary abstract
«Published in the issue of December 2005 & January 2006, the article "Making Democracy Stick" written by Gerard Alexander is part of a wider movement distancing itself from the American muscled intervention in Iraq and its lack of preparation for...» Summary abstract
«The world has been stunned since 1989 by the speed with which the countries of Eastern Europe abandoned four decades of Marxist-Leninist rule and moved into Western-style democracy and capitalism. Although the process of transition was, of course,...» Summary abstract
«The problem of child аbuse hаs become increаsingly evident in аll pаrts of the world including Аmericа аnd Europe. Between 1980 аnd 1993, for exаmple, the number of children reported once...» Summary abstract
«Since the origins of the building of the European Community, the idea of a direct election of the EP was present. In the Rome Treaty, the commitment to abolish the system of nominated members was settled, but no timetable was laid down. Thus, it...» Summary abstract
«This paper gives the reader an introduction to a real French suburb. Recently, the suburbs of France are quite in the picture of the world's media, because of the several riots in November 2005 and even now at this moment. On October the 27th it...» Summary abstract
«The document under study here is extracted from Dancing with Dogma. Britain under Thatcherism, a book by Ian Gilmour, a Scottish leading figure on the liberal, or "wet", left-wing of the Conservative party, essentially under the governments of Heath...» Summary abstract
«Michael Parenti is a professor of political science at several American universities. He has a PhD in political science from Yale University. He is known for being a progressive activist and a provocative thinker. As such, he wrote numerous books...» Summary abstract
«It was not until the beginning of the 17th century, when the science of international law took shape at the hands of Grotius and his successors, that the theory of the balance of power was formulated as a fundamental principle of diplomacy in the...» Summary abstract
«To put it simply, party politics in England during the 18th century were practiced in two different camps - Tory and Whig. Globally, the differences of opinion between the two were based on three key topics - (1) the origin of government, (2) the...» Summary abstract
«In 1999, British Prime Minister Tony Blair and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder issued a joint statement entitled The Third Way, Die neue Mitte. The statement committed itself to a "newly defined role for the active state" and stated that "the...» Summary abstract
«Affirmative action was born in the United States. It was originally designed to favour Black people, whose ancestors where slaves. Then, such programs extended to other underprivileged categories of the population: the disabled, the women, the...» Summary abstract
«This paper will analyse the Suraisia government Ministry of Internal Affairs' attempt to introduce an innovative culture to the Ministry of internal affairs HQ (MIQ) through the creation of "SSS" and "3i" initiatives. This analysis will take into...» Summary abstract
«The accession in May 2004 of eight countries from Eastern Europe to the European Union and the future membership of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 tends to show the importance, for these post-communist states, to find a new order and to gain more...» Summary abstract
«This paper will analyse the Suraisia government Ministry of Internal Affairs attempt to introduce an innovative culture to the Ministry of internal affairs HQ (MIQ) through the creation of "SSS" and "3i" initiatives. This analysis will take into...» Summary abstract
«This text is the introduction of the Beveridge Report, called Social Insurance and Allied Services. This report was presented to the British Parliament in November 1942 and was published the on 1st of December 1942. He was commissioned by Arthur...» Summary abstract
