Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Political Science, International Relations, Ecology and Environment

Human Rights and Universality

Document abstract : «We'll see that a mediate position can be found between what Donnelly has identified as radical cultural relativism (a) and radical universalism (b). Thus, it seems that a cross-cultural consensus can be found on the universality of some basic rights...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The UDHR: Western conception of human rights . Human rights: A western invention. Human rights as opposed to duties and collective mechanisms. The accusation of cultural imperialism. The issue of the hierarchy of rights within the...»

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Communism in the USA

Document abstract : «To establish a real picture of communism in the USA and to understand its actual situation, I will first talk about the reasons why the USA cannot be seen as the best place to be a communist and then I will ask myself whether we can say there is an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The US as a bad place for communism. Communism against all American values. Anticommunism in the US. The agony of communism since 1990. The CPUSA: The failure of the European model. Renewing the CPUSA . Conclusion....»

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'Washington bears a considerable amount of the responsibility for the radicalism of the Iranian Revolution and the resultant deterioration in US-Iranian relations'

Document abstract : «'When examining the policies that the United States conducted toward Iran from 1945 to 1979, one cannot help but realize that Washington bears a considerable amount of the responsibility for the radicalism of the Iranian Revolution and the resultant...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Iran's expectations on the United States . Iran as a geostrategic concern to the United States . Conclusion....»

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"When you look back at the role that Washington has played between the Arabs and the Israelis, it is clear that the United States could end the Arab-Israeli conflict tomorrow, if it so desired"

Document abstract : «The picture taken at the Washington summit right after the Madrid conference just says it all: Rabin and Arafat, the representatives of the two most antagonistic peoples in the modern world, shake hands under Clinton's blessing. Thus it may seem...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The United States: The third variable in the Arab-Israeli conflict. American inconsistencies in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Conflicts originating from the internal factors. Conclusion. References....»

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Affirmative action

Document abstract : «In the dictionary, an affirmative Action is said to be an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups or women. Affirmative action has been the subject of increasing debate and tension in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. History of affirmative action. For or against affirmative actions. Reverse discrimination. Affirmitive actions and its success. Opponents of affirmative action. Conclusion. Questions....»

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Critical evaluation of the ways in which the Equal Pay Act 1970 seeks to achieve equal pay between men and women

Document abstract : «Because of the large number of women taking jobs in the war industries during World War II, the governments urged employers in 1942 to voluntarily make "adjustments which equalize wage or salary rates paid to females with the rates paid to males for...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Equal Pay Act of 1970. The main element of the Equal Pay Act 1970. The Equal Pay Act 1970 in brief. Implication of Equal Pay Act : An example. Corning glass works vs Brennan 417 US 188 (1974). Evaluation of the Equal Pay Act...»

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Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society. London, Macmillan, 1977

Document abstract : «Bull's The Anarchical Society is a ground-breaking book that proposes novel, powerful concepts for reading today's world order as well as the order that prevailed in the world in 1977. Today more than ever, we need the idea of international society,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. International society as the idea-force. Bull: Realist or Universalist - A discussion. Fitting of anarchy . First critique: A link between international system and international society. Second critique: The importance of...»

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Life, death and politics : A run-down of the abortion debate

Document abstract : «Few issues have fostered such controversy as has the topic of abortion. The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Beginning of human life. Immorality of abortion. The religious aspect. Justifying abortion. Abortion and personal choice. Abortion and the constitution. Legal status of abortion. Conclusion....»

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Feminism and criminology

Document abstract : «The application of feminism to the field of criminology can be quite uncommon; indeed, in criminology it is men who supply the essential "standard case". Until recently, criminology has been primarily focused on men and crime with little reference...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Women as offenders. Neglecting women's violence. Increased focus on men's violence. Nature of women's crimes. Women's crime in the past. Increasing crime by women. The criminal justice system towards women-offenders. Explanations of...»

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Theory of direct effect

Document abstract : «Born into the International order, the European Community law can touch people only through the juridical order of its Member State. Therefore arises the question about the relationship between EC law and domestic law. The EC law concerns much...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Origin and criteria of the theory of direct effect. Origin. Criteria. Application of the theory to the different acts of the EC. Application to the founding treaties. Application to the secondary sources. National...»

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How long can the 'Pay As You Go' pensions last? (followed by the case-study of France)

Document abstract : «Most countries do provide retirement pension schemes within the framework of Pay As You Go pensions. This system however encounters today some unprecedented drawbacks, mainly due to the burden of an ageing population. The future of the retirement...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Pension scheme and today's economic world . The burden of an ageing population. Redefinition of government role in the current context of globalization. The division of national income between active persons and retirees. Pension...»

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Why did not French women obtain the right to vote before 1944?

Document abstract : «France was the first country to establish male universal suffrage but one of the last Western states to institute Universal Suffrage: French women were not granted the right to vote before 1944. Many historians have pointed out this apparent anomaly...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Factors that caused the delay. The weakness of feminism. The ideology of universalism. The opposition of the Radical party. Ideological forces against women in politics. Specific analysis of the period before and during World War...»

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Women's life in North-Western China under the Tang dynasty

Document abstract : «This essay focuses on Chinese women from North-Western China (the Chinese part of the Silk Road) under the Tang dynasty (618-907). It describes the main outlines of their everyday life, and study more closely the impact of the Silk Road - and its...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The traditional role and social status of women in Medieval China. The cross-cultural interactions. Foreigners in the Chinese society . Confucian ideals: The lost predominance. The spread of Buddhism in Ch...»

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The welfare sate - cleavages between Germany and the United Kingdom

Document abstract : «Since the comfortable mixture of economic growth and welfare state expansion has come to an end the welfare state has been subjected to a crisis discussion. Its integrative capacity and its ability to compromise different class interests have been...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Liberal and conservative welfare regimes. Institutional design and social integration. The German unification . The liberal-leaning welfare system of Britain . The National Health Service . Conclusion. Biblio...»

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"The postnational constellation" by J. Habermas

Document abstract : «"The image of a post national constellation gives rise to alamrist feelings of enlightened helplessness widely observed in the political arena today" . Indeed, the ideal of cosmopolitanism is generating new controversy today with the challenges of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Theoretical explanation of the dilemmas and ambiguities of social modernization. Nationalism to constitutional patriotism. The question national identity. Constitutional patriotism. From the nation-state to the postnational...»

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Corporate governance under English common law : the respective roles of executive and non executive directors

Document abstract : «The role of boards and its relationship to management must be clearly identified. The Companies Act provides that companies must have directors but does not define their functions. This is left to the articles of association, where the most...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Motivations for a board reform. The unitary board model and its influence on the role of directors. The board's responsibility as the management organ of the company . The monitoring role of non-executive directors . Clarification on...»

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Are protestants better capitalists ?

Document abstract : «First, we will see that if protestant theology has undoubtedly influenced the early expansion of capitalism in America, it is probably no longer the main factor explaining the important commitment of Protestants to modern capitalism. As an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The protestant roots which grounds capitalism theologically . Weber's thesis: The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Accumulation (against catholocism) . Election, predestination (against Judaism). Justifying Weber's thesis...»

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What is human security?

Document abstract : «The end of Cold War brought new global challenges to the security field. The arousal of new forms of conflict, such as internal wars and terrorism made it important to rethink civilian protection as the centre of this new perspective of security....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Human security: A difficult definition. The infinite number of definitions of human security. Human security and human rights. Human security and human development. A parallel between Sen's trident and the three human concerns...»

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What is representative democracy? Is it aim to restrict or to promote popular rule?

Document abstract : «One may accept, as Dahl did, that representative democracy is a means to democratize a government. Yet, representative democracy is far from being a true democracy, both restricting and promoting popular rule. The concept of representative...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The concept of representative democracy . Social contracts theorists . Promoting the system of government . The essence of representative democracy . The major criticism of representative democracy . The elitist criticism...»

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Rainy, Steady, Go

Document abstract : «Rainy, Steady, Go's aim is to install vending machines selling cheap emergency umbrellas in tube stations in London. Our market is for people of all sexes and ages who have forgotten their umbrellas. We have two streams of income: 1. Sales of...»

Synopsis abstract : «Executive summary. Objectives. Mission. Keys to success. Company summary. Company ownership. Company location and premises. Products. Product description: Umbrella. Competitive comparison. Sales literature. Sourcing. Future products. Market analysis...»

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The Israeli way of managing. What are the issues of management in Israel today?

Document abstract : «Israel as a formal State is a new country, but its influence as an economically dynamic partner worldwide is undeniable despite the poorness of its natural resources and the war. At the start, its population was 806 000 in 1948 but it has been...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The influence of tradition on management. The competitive advantage of Israel . The determinants of national competitive advantage . The kibbutz: An old form of economical organization and another vision of property. The Israeli...»

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The current situation of small scale coffee production in Latin America

Document abstract : «Recently, the global coffee market has fallen into a profound crisis. Prices paid to coffee producers in real dollar terms, have fallen to a hundred year low. Many families have been forced to abandon traditional farming. There is consequently an...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. A population facing an historical crisis. Fair trade and organic production as the main solution to the current situation. Fair trade system is facing problems it has to solve. Conclusion. Sources....»

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To what extent is the clausewitzian account of war a political instrument relevant in the twenty-first century ?

Document abstract : «Clausewitz's description of war as a means to an end or, to use his own formulation, "the continuation of politics by other means", must be interpreted against the contemporary intellectual background: the majority of enlightenment writers had...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The exact meaning of the term 'politics'. The Clausewitzian account of war . The Clausewitzian trinitarian structure of the army. War as an effective instrument of a policy . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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Democratic equality. Are Rawls's principles of economic justice too egalitarian or not egalitarian enough?

Document abstract : «The question is, therefore, whether Rawls's egalitarianism is not enough egalitarian or too egalitarian. After having exposed the main points of Rawls's view of economic justice, the analysis of its major criticisms, both from the left and the right...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Rawls's egalitarianism . D. Parfit's Equality or Priority. The theoretical argumentation. G.A. Cohen's 're'-interpretation of the difference principle. The 'ethos' of justice . Conclusion. Sources....»

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Is multilateralism still viable today?

Document abstract : «After WWII, various multilateral organizations have been promoted by the US and implemented through many international organizations such as the UN, the GATT and the IMF. Overtime, multilateral co-operation dramatically developed in different forms...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. Multilateralism and world crisis. Criticisms against international organizations. Multilateralism's presence and its impact . Conclusion....»

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Landmines in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Document abstract : «The conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina began shortly after the republic declared its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in March 1992 and lasted nearly four years. A cease-fire was called in September 1995. A...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The three distinct armies. Bosnian government army (ARBiH). The Bosnian Croat army (HVO) . The Bosnian Serb army (VRS). The human impact . Impact of mines on living standards . Conclusion. Bibliography....»

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How to create a homogeneous culture across boundaries?

Document abstract : «We have decided to study the company Unilever for several reasons. Firstly, Unilever is a European company that is one of the biggest multinational in the world. Secondly, as we have chosen to study the corporate culture of multinationals, Unilever...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The history of Unilever. Corporate culture theory. Hofstede's cultural dimension. Power distance. Uncertainty avoidance. Individualism-collectivism. Masculinity-femininity. Description of the management style. The Netherlands. Great...»

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Oscar Wilde and Aestheticism

Document abstract : «The 19th Century in Europe, and especially in England, is marked by the appearances of new artistic movements. Aestheticism is one the most important because it embodies a real change in the mentality and in art, considered as self sufficient....»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. The aesthetic movement. Definition. Historical background. The changes in art. A pioneer: Immanuel Kant. Biography. The 'beautiful', an object of a disinterested satisfaction. The 'beautiful', a 'form of finality'. An important figure:...»

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Bodybuilding and its Influence upon American Sport

Document abstract : «American sports have evolved from the simple folk games and premodern pastimes of the colonial era to the highly complex, commercial spectacles of the early twenty-first century. (For the purposes of this essay sports are defined as competitive...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction: The concept of American sport. Bodybuilding within the American sport. Notion of bodybuilding . Brief history of bodybuilding and its first big contest. Bodybuilding organizations. Competitions. Bodybuilding as the basis to fundamental...»

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The integration of the European Union

Document abstract : «On the 16th April, 2003, ten new members were signing the adhesion treaty to the European Union, in front of the Parthenon in Athens. The adhesion of these ten new countries, among which eight were ex-communist countries, represented a historic...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction. EU's quest for the optimal institutional structure. The issue of the future of the Union. The issue of the Union's presidency. Different economic structures and needs. The quarrel between 'the cicadas and the ants'. The entry of ten...»

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