Articles, Assignments and College Term papers in Biology, Computers, Medical, Physics and Chemistry

Flower senescence

Document abstract : «Flowers, no matter their size, shape, color or structure, have one important function for plants: sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction consists of several distinct developmental processes including pollen production, ovule formation, and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Categories of flower senescence.. Age related versus pollination induced.. Ethylene sensitive versus ethylene insensitive.. Abscised versus persistent petals.. From anthesis to senescence: Setting the stage.. Physiological...»

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The birth of Antisepsis

Document abstract : «Joseph Lister's publication of "On the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery" presented to the medical world Lister's method of using antiseptics made from carbolic acid during surgery. Lister hoped to use disinfectants to not only...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Lister's system of antisepsis.. Considering the effectiveness of antiseptics in the treatment of surgical wounds.. Physicians - skeptical of Lister's findings.. Lister's antiseptic principles - unheard during his stay at...»

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Vernalization requirement and vernalization response

Document abstract : «The major loci controlling vernalization requirement in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum are VRN1 and VRN2 (in cereals the VERNALIZATION, VRN, designation applies to genes conferring a vernalization requirement and differs from Arabidopsis...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Vernalization requirement evolved independently in temperate cereals.. Vernalization response.. Arabidopsis vernalization respons.. Vernalization response in species other than Arabidopsis.. Connecting cold to...»

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Vernalization

Document abstract : «The term vernalization is derived from the Latin word vernus meaning 'of the spring'. Vernalization was defined as 'the acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment'. The promotion of flowering by vernalization is the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Vernalization and flowering time control.. Dissecting the molecular processes involved in vernalization.. Addressing the mechanisms of vernalization using Arabidopsis as a model.. Arabidopsis vernalization requirement.. Early...»

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Illustrating the power of information in life science research

Document abstract : «The ironic proverbial saying that "a month in the lab can save you an hour in the library" is proving itself repeatedly and at a huge cost to both academic and commercial institutions alike. Missed information in the literature costs time, money,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The ironic proverbial saying that ?a month in the lab can save you an hour in the library?.. Substantial costs.. The value of information.. A rigorous description of literature-based discovery.. Barriers to the automation of these...»

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Forest canopies

Document abstract : «The word canopy is derived from the Latin conopeum, describing a mosquito net over a bed. For canopy researchers in many tropical and temperate forests, this derivation is all too ﬁtting. Forest canopies are home to perhaps 50% of all living...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Definition.. Discovery and exploration.. The naturalist and explorer William Beebe.. The scope and extent of canopy studies.. Modern Canopy access systems.. Methods of access.. Climbing techniques and mechanical methods.. Towers and...»

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Reproductive ecology of forest trees

Document abstract : «Plant reproductive processes encompass biotic interactions, such as pollination and seed predation and dispersal, and abiotic elements, notably disturbance that creates differential reproductive opportunities for plant groups and thereby maintains...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. General reproductive strategies.. Vegetative reproduction.. Sexual reproduction.. Pollination of angiosperms.. Pollination by vertebrates.. Pollination by invertebrates.. Wind pollination.. Breeding systems and incompatibility.. Seed...»

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Cytokines and chemokines

Document abstract : «Cytokines are soluble low-molecular weight glycoproteins or small polypeptides that act in an autocrine or paracrine manner between leukocytes and other cells. Cytokines have many biologic functions and are important for leukocyte growth and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cytokines.. Transforming growth factor.. Interferons.. Tumor necrosis factor.. The effects of TNF-? on wound healing.. Chimeric mouse antihuman IgG1 monoclonal antibodies.. Interleukins.. Chemok...»

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Regulation of pigment biosynthesis in flowers

Document abstract : «Flower color, along with fragrance, floral shape and nectar reward, is important to the interaction between plants and pollinators; and preferences towards specific colors are exhibited by pollinators, whether they are birds, bees, butterflies or...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Regulation of pigment biosynthesis in flowers.. The induction of the pigment biosynthetic genes.. Adequate carbohydrate level.. Post-transcriptional regulation.. Post-transcriptional translational mechanisms.. Regulation of flavonoid...»

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Biodiversity in forests

Document abstract : «Interest in biodiversity began in the mid-1980s with the Biodiversity Symposium, held in Washington, DC, sponsored by the National Academy of Science. Within increasing human populations and rising demands for resources and living space, the need to...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Biodiversity types.. Genetic diversity.. Species diversity.. Landscape diversity.. Inventory challenges.. Types of biological surveys.. Biodiversity inventory strategies.. Steps for developing a biodiversity inventory.. Linking with...»

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Agroforestry

Document abstract : «Agroforestry is a term for practices where trees are combined with farming, as well as for the interdisciplinary subject area embracing land use systems, at a range of scales from that of the ﬁeld to the planet, that involve interactions...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction and definition.. Why agrofestry?. The significance of scale.. Agroforestry practices.. Trees and arable crops.. Trees, livestock and grazed pasture.. Trees and animals without pasture.. Plantation tree crop agroforestry and multistrata...»

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Bark beetles

Document abstract : «Bark beetles are small, dark, cylindrical beetles, usually less than 7mm long. As their name implies, they are usually associated with woody plants. Despite their small size and modest appearance, they have an intriguing assemblage of feeding and...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Taxonomy.. Life cycle.. Host plants.. Colonizing post plants.. Factors limiting population growth.. Ecosystem processes.. Fire.. Forest succession.. Decomposition.. Management options.. Conclusion.....»

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Innate and adaptive immunity

Document abstract : «Immunology has roughly been split into two major subdivisions: cellular immunity, which comprises all different immunocompetent cells, and humoral immunity, a collection of all molecules involved in immune processes, such as cytokines,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Innate and adaptive compartments linked by dendritic cells.. Innate immunity and the skin immune system.. Monocytes and (Tissue) macrophages.. Granulocytes.. Natural killer cells.. Adaptive immunity and the skin immune system.. B...»

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Biological impacts of deforestation and fragmentation

Document abstract : «In addition to housing the majority of the planet's biodiversity, forest ecosystems are the basis for trillions of dollars in global revenue. They are homes to indigenous groups, sources of food, medicines, and raw materials for industry, and they...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Physical consequences of deforestation.. Habitat loss and insularization.. Abiotic changes in forest fragments.. Biological consequences of fragmentation.. Changes in individual physiology and behavior.. Changes in population size and...»

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Neuroimmunology

Document abstract : «Human skin consists of a sophisticated network of nerve fibers and specialized sensory structures to transduce sensations of touch, vibration, temperature, and pain. Nerve fibers have dual functions: to transmit afferent sensory impulses to the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Neuropeptides.. Receptors.. Substance P.. Catecholamines.. Neuropeptide Y.. Adenosine triphosphate.. Neurogenic inflammation.. Cutaneous/Dermatologic diseases.. Urticaria.. Pruritus.. Atopic dermatitis.. Psoriasis.. Vitiligo...»

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Foliage feeders in temperate and boreal forests

Document abstract : «Insect consumers of tree foliage comprise one of the most abundant and diverse feeding guilds in forest ecosystems. Known as folivores, this guild is integral to the structure and functioning of forests. Folivores inﬂuence vital ecosystem...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Diversity.. Feeding ecology.. Population dynamics.. Life-history traits.. Population regulation.. Population cycles.. Impacts of foliage-feeding insects on trees.. Conclusion.....»

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Toll-like receptors as part of the innate immune response

Document abstract : «There are two major arms of the immune system: innate immune response, and acquired, or adaptive, immune response. Phagocytic cells recognize pathogens that bind to specific receptor recognition molecules or through complement fixation, and then...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Discovery of toll-like receptors In humans.. Expression of human toll-like receptors.. Toll-like receptors in innate and adaptive immunity.. Pathways.. Syphilis.. Bacterial infections.. Candidal infections.. Autoimmune...»

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Sap-sucking insects in forests

Document abstract : «Insects of the order Hemiptera have mouthparts specialized for piercing and sucking, and within the suborder Homoptera of this order two groups, the Auchenorhyncha and Sternorhyncha, speciﬁcally feed on plants. As their general name implies...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Mode of feeding and nitrogen metabolism.. Regional distribution and abundance.. Ecology.. Direct effects of sapsucker infestation.. The presence of the wood ant.. Aphid-infested sycamore saplings.. The width of the annual rings of...»

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Molecular biology of forest trees

Document abstract : «In order to genetically engineer a plant, one must be able to insert a gene into the genome of an individual plant cell and then cause that cell to differentiate into a whole plant. The former process is referred to as transformation; the latter,...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Transformation and regeneration.. Agrobacterium.. Recombinant DNA techniques.. Platforms for studying tree biology.. Marker-aided selection.. Gene-tagging methods.. Poplar genome sequence and informatics.. Transformation to con?rm...»

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Genetic systems of forest trees

Document abstract : «The term 'genetic system' was coined in 1932 by C.D. Darlington, one of the renowned pioneers of cytogenetics. His original deﬁnition was limited: Properties of heredity and variation, methods of reproduction and the control of breeding, we...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Cytological factors.. Mating pattern and gene flow.. The mating pattern.. Outcrossing plant species.. Metandry.. Wind pollination - characteristic of gymnosperms.. Self-incompatibility and embryonic lethals.. Mode of...»

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Overview of manufacturing beer: Ingredients, processes and quality criteria

Document abstract : «Beer is one of the oldest cultural achievements of mankind and one of the most popular beverages all over the world. From the technological point of view, beer has four main properties based on its contents and manufacturing processes. It is (i)...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Raw materials.. Water.. Barley and other cereals.. Grain contents.. Hop (Humulus lupulus L).. Yeast.. Making beer.. Malting.. Brewing process.. Quality criteria of beer.. Flavor stability.. Colloidal stability.. Foam...»

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Biometric research as experimental method in science

Document abstract : «Any discussion of research in a scientiﬁc ﬁeld is subject to caveats because research must of necessity be less deﬁnitive than a discussion of the ﬁeld's established operational practices. First, enumerations of current...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Forest sustainability.. Frameworks for sustainability assessments.. National forest inventories.. Design and analyses.. Data delivery.. Internet access.. Plot Integrity and data privacy.. Summary.....»

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Sociology of the family: global advances and challenges

Document abstract : «Sociology of the family as a field of research, education and action faces many challenges and critics, both within academic institutions and in the larger society. This paper focuses on recent developments in international family sociology in the...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Rapid social and economic change: impact on the opportunities for families and scholars.. Issues.. Historical views.. Advances and challenges.. Mobility and stability: shaping individual, family, ethnic and national...»

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Methodology in biological psychology

Document abstract : «Biological psychology manipulates and observes psychological variables just as do all other fields of psychology. However, to delineate the somatic contribution to behavior and mental functions, biological psychology needs to draw evidence from...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Biological psychology studies both humans and non-human animals.. Biological psychology uses a variety of approaches.. Some issues involved in different approaches and methods.. Motor behaviour: reflexes, movements and...»

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Nintendo Corporation Limited

Document abstract : «As one of the leading game console industries, Nintendo Corporation has remained in the technological market for over fifty years. Established officially in 1963 by former President, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Nintendo Corporation yet remains to be a well...»

Synopsis abstract : «Abstract.. Background.. Nintendo Corporation - never into the gaming industry.. Game & Watch LCD games.. The 90s for Nintendo.. Satoru Iwata.. Early life,. Hiroshi Yamauchi commenting on the reason he chose Satoru Iwata as his next...»

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On-Line quality control: Advances in sensor technology

Document abstract : «The success of new product introductions lies with consumer acceptance of key food attributes such as texture, color, flavor, freshness, and nutrition. Automation in food processing allows for control of the consistency of these attributes by...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The success of new product introductions.. The development of new sensors which address industrial needs.. Types of on-line sensors.. Sensing technologies.. Optically-based sensing.. Electrically-based sensing.. Other sensing...»

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New methodology using synchrotron radiation to characterize fast events in food processing

Document abstract : «In a typical food process, a hot mixture is made, which is then cooled rapidly. A main result of cooling is a change in physical state and/or molecular structure. Often, a succession of physical changes occurs as the product cools. Events occurring...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The problem.. The mixing of ingredients at higher temperature.. The engineer or scientist seeking to control a food process.. Choice of method.. XRD Technology.. Production of X-rays.. Detector technology.. Applications to biological...»

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What was TV?

Document abstract : «In the 1950's television became the dominant mass media as people readily brought small screens into their homes in greater numbers of hours per week than ever before. It was clear that television would leave its mark "for good or ill and be under...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. The late 1940's and early 1950's - tumultuous time throughout the United States.. Communism and Communist countries and an evil image of the enemy.. Rift in the United States government as a result of Cold War.. The power of film - a...»

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Applications of NMR imaging in processing of foods

Document abstract : «Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), originally developed for medical applications, has recently been exploited for observation and characterization of foodstuffs and their manufacture. MRI and its related techniques have already proven useful in...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Theory of magnetic resonance imaging.. Gradients.. Crystallization and freezing.. Crystallization.. Freezing.. Diffusion.. Emulsions.. Synersis.. Flow.. Time-of-flight techniques.. Velocity-encoding techniques.. Aseptic processing...»

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Chemicals obtained from wood

Document abstract : «A wide array of both commodity and specialty chemicals can be derived from wood, either as a primary product or by-product of another process. The technologies in which chemicals are the primary products include thermal degradation, hydrolysis/...»

Synopsis abstract : «Introduction.. Extractives.. Terpenes.. Resin acids.. Fatty acids.. Phenolics.. Pharmaceuticals.. Polysaccharides.. Lignin.. Hydrolysis and fermentation.. The sacchari?cation of wood.. The disadvantage.. Another product of fermentation...»

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