«Over the past few decades there has been immense interest in Quantum Dots. In this report the author will outline some of the fabrication techniques, basic theory, and a few important properties of QDs. There are various different kinds of Quantum...» Summary abstract
«In "Position of the Fermi Level for Extrinsic Semiconductors" the author will talk a little more in detail about doped semiconductors. Here, the author answers the following questions:
(i) What is the position of the Fermi level for an extrinsic...» Summary abstract
«In "Ferromagnetism and the Curie-Weiss Law" the author will start by giving a more complete derivation of the Curie-Weiss law,
which might make a few points clearer. Then he will try to address some of your
questions more directly. The author...» Summary abstract
«Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection of epithelium and commonly manifests as cervicitis, urethritis, proctitis, and conjunctivitis. If untreated, infections at these sites can lead to local complications such as endometritis, salpingitis,...» Summary abstract
«Serious violence and injury have life-altering consequences for victims and their families that often cannot be reversed. Prevention and treatment must be priorities.
Violence in the United States is a public health epidemic that is caused by...» Summary abstract
«Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary loss of urine of sufficient severity to be a health and/or social problem. Although it is commonly hidden and not discussed with health professionals, urinary incontinence is a prevalent, morbid, and...» Summary abstract
«It is useful to think of organisms as protein-synthesizing factories. If that factory is to function at very high levels of efficiency and stability for very long periods of time, the builder should start with an excellent set of blueprints (hence...» Summary abstract
«Metabolism is a collective term for integrated biochemical processes of the intact organism, differentiated organ, cell, and subcellular organelle.
Normal metabolism enables homeostasis for the organism by maintaining anabolic and catabolic flow...» Summary abstract
«Ionizing radiation occurs as electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength and as accelerated atomic particles (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons, a-particles).
The injuries caused by ionizing radiation include mutagenic, carcinogenic,...» Summary abstract
«Currently, about 46 million individuals in the United States are cigarette smokers, including 26% of men and 22% of women. People who are less well educated and/or have unskilled occupations are more likely to smoke.
Smoking is responsible for...» Summary abstract
«Despite dramatic advances in medical science and evidence-based practice, many people turn to other healing approaches, some derived from ancient medical traditions and others from new-age concepts.
Although extraordinarily diverse in their...» Summary abstract
«Patients who use illicit drugs benefit from treatment if they recognize that their substance use is a problem. The transtheoretical model considers a patient on a continuum from precontemplation (denial) toward maintenance...» Summary abstract
«In their work, people can be exposed to dangerous chemicals, hazardous physical agents, emotional stress, and trauma. Any of these occupational exposures can cause disease-sometimes immediately and sometimes after an interval of years or...» Summary abstract
«The three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis also can be found in other arterial beds, especially the renal...» Summary abstract
«The techniques of nuclear cardiology permit the noninvasive imaging of myocardial perfusion under stress and resting conditions and of resting regional and global function using radionuclide imaging agents and gamma or positron cameras with...» Summary abstract
«The heart is a muscular pump connected to the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems. Working together, the job of the heart and vasculature is to maintain adequate circulation of blood to the organs at rest and during periods of exercise. To...» Summary abstract
«The heart casts a homogeneous shadow on the chest film. No internal detail can be seen within its contours because the radiodensities of blood, myocardium, and other cardiac tissues are so similar that one cannot be distinguished from the others....» Summary abstract
«The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical potentials produced by cardiac tissue. Formation of electrical impulses occurs within the conduction system of the heart. When excited, or depolarized, atrial and ventricular myocardial...» Summary abstract
«Opioids, including naturally occurring alkaloids (opiates derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum), semisynthetic compounds (chemically altered alkaloids), and synthetic agents, are potent analgesics and produce an intense euphoria...» Summary abstract
«Cocaine, an alkaloid extracted from coca leaves, and other psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine) rapidly increase the concentration of several neurotransmitters in synaptic junctions and stimulate the sympathetic and central nervous...» Summary abstract
«Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment whereby sequences of nucleic acids (i.e., genes) are delivered to cells to change their biologic function. The concept initially arose as replacement therapy for monogenic inherited disorders. For...» Summary abstract
«More than any other imaging technique, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers the potential for dramatically changing current imaging strategies for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The combined...» Summary abstract
«A significant reduction in coronary flow reserve is present when the ratio of flow at rest to flow after vasodilation is less than 2 : 1. Measurement of the pressure gradient across a stenosis using a small wire transducer also can assess functional...» Summary abstract
«The function of the human heart requires rhythmic beatings occurring on the average 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, for 80 or more years. The close to 3 billion contractions of the cardiac musculature that must occur without fail are coordinated...» Summary abstract
«Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally...» Summary abstract
«Chronic heart failure is a multifaceted syndrome with diverse presentations. The initial manifestations of hemodynamic dysfunction are a reduction in stroke volume and a rise in ventricular filling pressures, perhaps in the basal state but...» Summary abstract
«Acute heart failure usually presents as shortness of breath, culminating, sometimes in a matter of minutes, with pulmonary edema. A more subacute presentation is of progressive dyspnea associated with systemic fluid retention over days to a few...» Summary abstract
«The common symptoms of heart failure are well known but are frequently absent and variably specific for this condition. The symptoms generally reflect, but may be dissociated from, the hemodynamic derangements of elevated left-sided and right-sided...» Summary abstract
«An extensive battery of laboratory tests is not required for most patients with heart failure. Routine testing should include a complete blood cell count (to detect anemia and systemic diseases with hematologic manifestations), measurement of renal...» Summary abstract
«Increased longevity throughout the world is influencing medical care dramatically as more older individuals develop or survive with various medical conditions.
Although some elderly present typically with single-system disease, they often have...» Summary abstract
«The designation drug allergy should be reserved for adverse drug reactions caused by immunologic mechanisms.
Although drug allergies are responsible for only a few adverse drug effects, the possibility of such reactions is a daily concern of...» Summary abstract
«The chemical environment was recognized as a threat to health early in history.
Well-documented outbreaks of occupational mercury and lead "poisonings" had been recorded and preventive measures implemented by 200 BC.
In the Middle Ages,...» Summary abstract
«The process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes.
These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older...» Summary abstract
«It is generally appreciated that under different conditions a drug may produce diverse effects, ranging from none to a desirable effect or, in other cases, an undesirable, toxic effect. Physicians must learn how to individualize the drug dosage...» Summary abstract
«Regular physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. In the 1980s and 1990s, a large body of epidemiologic and clinical evidence linked regular physical activity with a variety of health benefits.
Although the strength of...» Summary abstract
«Medicine is practiced in a social, economic, and political context. It takes more than excellent medical care to improve the health of patients because many of the determinants of the health of individuals and populations lie outside traditional...» Summary abstract
«The traditional evaluation of the patient includes the history and physical examination and a well-planned set of diagnostic tests, often including imaging. Dramatic advances in imaging not only supplement the physical examination, but also now may...» Summary abstract
«The sound practice of medicine requires the ability to use scientific evidence that is based on data and is published in the peer-reviewed medical literature. In this literature, investigators publish their findings using descriptive statistics to...» Summary abstract
«For more than 50 years, glucocorticosteroids have been important agents in treating diseases characterized by inflammation and exaggerated immune responses. The pioneering work of Hench and colleagues in rheumatoid arthritis showed the possible...» Summary abstract
«The cardinal manifestations of heart failure are (1) dyspnea and fatigue, which may limit exercise tolerance, and (2) fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary and peripheral edema. Both abnormalities can impair the functional capacity and...» Summary abstract
«The Hmong are an ethnic group indigenous to the Southeast Asian peninsula. They typically live in the mountainous regions of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. They are rice farmers who are well known for their embroidery and the color of their dress,...» Summary abstract
«Beep... beep... click... click ... this just in: A pandemic breakout of unheard of proportions. Is it anthrax? Or clostridia? It could be, but authorities believe the culprit is Bacillus cereus (49133). B. cereus is a cousin strain to both Bacillus...» Summary abstract
«For years, man has been trying to find a single chemical that triggers flowering in plants. Although this single chemical has not been found, several of the Gibberellins show promising results as an active florigen - such as GA5 and GA6 and...» Summary abstract
«Few people would deliberately waste their valuable vacation time, even if their goal was to do nothing. And yet, many people travel through the time of their lives without a destination, without a plan, without a purpose. With an efficient...» Summary abstract
«The first chapter sets out the problems of AM within the electricity in UK. In fact the UK electricity companies have owned and operated the UK electricity distribution networks since privatisation took place within UK electricity industry in 1990....» Summary abstract
«Consciousness, the awareness of self and environment, requires both arousal and mental content; the anatomic substrate includes both reticular activating system and cerebral cortex. Coma is a state of unconsciousness that differs from syncope in...» Summary abstract
«When numerous large tumors (especially intraligamentary mommas) are found, total abdominal hysterectomy is indicated. If the ovaries are diseased or if their blood supply has been destroyed, oophorectomy is necessary; otherwise, the ovaries should...» Summary abstract
«Illness provoked by the deficiency of production and/or action of insulin, that drives to acute symptoms and chronic complications.
The disease involves the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins and has serious consequences in either if it...» Summary abstract
«Glaucoma is an alteration where the pressure of the liquid that fills the ocular globe abnormally increases, beyond the eye can tolerate.
When this pressure, called intra-ocular tension, is bigger than the normal one, the risk of damages to the...» Summary abstract
«It occurs when the blood pressure abnormally raises in the arteries that take the blood from the heart to the lungs.
This pressure is not the same one that is measured in the medical doctor's office.
When the cause of this illness is pulmonary...» Summary abstract
«Sensation of movement when no movement is actually occurring. Results from peripheral or central causes or, in some instances, may be induced by medications or anxiety disorders.
Patients who are elderly and have risk factors for cerebrovascular...» Summary abstract
«Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy has many causes and ranges in severity from mild (with normal pregnancy outcome) to life threatening for both infant and mother.
Bleeding can vary from scant to excessive, from brown to bright red, and can be...» Summary abstract
«This lab was set up in order to demonstrate the diversity and at the same time scarcity of species of plants in a long island forest as an example for a very global issue. The main principles involved were the community structure and dynamics of...» Summary abstract
«The experiment that was performed these past few weeks involved measuring the relative growth of a soybean plant that was planted based on how much allelopathic agent we used. Allelopathic interactions are very widespread in nature, and they are...» Summary abstract
«One of the most fascinating systems of a cell or an organism is the way it deals with water. Every living needs water to survive and manages the intake of this precious resource differently. Water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane...» Summary abstract
«This article deals with a possible solution to water pollution in a Wisconsin suburb. However the results could be universally interpreted, with the method of prevention being employed in many areas of the world. The Article describes a scientist's...» Summary abstract
«The human body is a fascinating array of mechanisms, each perfectly sculpted to satisfy its role in the ever changing needs of our physiology. The various systems within us each rely on impulses, sent via the central or peripheral nervous systems,...» Summary abstract
«The GABA(A) receptor plays a vital role in the mammalian brain and is responsible for a large majority of inhibitory neurotransmissions in the central nervous system (Perrine 144). The GABA(A) receptor is a member of the ionotropic (ligand gated)...» Summary abstract
«An acquired, slowly progressive depigmenting condition in small or large areas of the skin due to the disappearance of previously active melanocytes
Focal (including segmental) vitiligo: 1 to a few scattered macules, occasionally in a dermatomal...» Summary abstract
«Involuntary painful contraction of perineal muscles and levator ani prior to or during vaginal intercourse. The experience of or even the anticipation of pain on vaginal entry causes these muscles to contract, occluding the vaginal opening and...» Summary abstract
«Adenosis is a term used to describe nonepithelialized columnar glandular epithelium in the vagina. At ~15th week of embryological development, the Mullerian system, which forms the upper 2/3 of the vagina, fuses with the invaginating cloaca, which...» Summary abstract
«In the "Population Ecology Experiment", fruit flies were used to investigate the factors that enhanced and limited population growth in these species alone as well as in the presence of other species. In this experiment, the effects of high and low...» Summary abstract
«The heart is an integral part of the cardiovascular system in the body of vertebrates. It provides the pressure needed for the blood to be pumped to different parts of the body. The heart maintains the flow of blood throughout the whole...» Summary abstract
«After the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC).
Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the...» Summary abstract
«Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus.
For...» Summary abstract
«Prenatal care as we know it today is a relatively new development in medicine. It originated in Boston in the first decade of this century. Before that time, the patient who thought she was pregnant may have visited a physician for confirmation but...» Summary abstract
«Teratogenicity has been established for only a few drugs, but many more are still not proved to be safe for use during pregnancy. The physician should have a good reason for prescribing any drug early in pregnancy, or indeed during the last half of...» Summary abstract
«The diagnosis of pregnancy is usually made on the basis of a history of amenorrhea, an enlarging uterus, and a positive pregnancy test. Nausea and breast tenderness are also often present.
It may be crucial to diagnose pregnancy before the first...» Summary abstract
«The stomach is a type of storage facility that receives all the things we ingest. Internally, it is lined by the mucosa, a pink layer similar to the one that we have in our mouth.
Gastritis is a inflammation of the gastric mucosa, it can have...» Summary abstract
«70.3 million Americans above 12 years reported current use of tobacco (59.9 million were cigarette smokers, 13.7 million smoked cigars, 7.2 million used smokeless tobacco, 1.8 million smoked pipes).
In the past month, 4 million American...» Summary abstract
«Disorder of unknown etiology characterized by excessive sleepiness typically associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Commonly misconceived as representing low intelligence...» Summary abstract
«Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction.
It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab was to find out the indications of chemical changes and reactions when mixing two different substances, which are listed specifically in the Observations section. The purpose is also to find out how a percent by mass solution...» Summary abstract
«The purpose of this lab is as follows: To use mole ratios to predict the amount of precipitate formed, to use mole ratios to study the effect of reactant molarity on the yield of product, to use mole ratios to study limiting and excess reactants,...» Summary abstract
«Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie....» Summary abstract
«The ecosystem of a freshwater lake, stream, and river is greatly influenced by the environment it is in. Temperature, light, nutrients, rainfall amounts, species composition and organic or inorganic pollutant levels all differ from lake to lake,...» Summary abstract
«DNA technology is vital to our technological progress as a society. Without such things as gene therapy which is part of DNA technology many medical feats would not have been accomplished. DNA manipulation is used in many aspects of life, ranging...» Summary abstract
«Thousands of years ago, before the thought of a cell had ever crossed anybody's mind, man revolutionized society with advances such as fire, the wheel, irrigation and the telescope. Man has now arrived at the next step, shall we say "the wheel" of...» Summary abstract