Race and the U.S. constitution
- The relationship between Races and the Constitution Prior to 1954
- The Brown decision: the path towards genuine racial justice
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) is often considered as one of the "most important Supreme Court cases in American history" because it outlawed de jure racial segregation in public education, thus overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine maintained since Plessy v Ferguson (1896). Certainly, it "set the nation on the path toward genuine racial justice". However, its enforcement was not immediate and encountered great resistance. After considering the relationship between races and the constitution prior to 1954, this essay will analyze how the reversal of the "separate but equal" doctrine by the Supreme Court in 1954 was possible, and will examine its consequences. However, the Southern States used the "all deliberate speed" formula to maintain the status quo in public education for 15 years. Despite the path-breaking decision in favor of Brown, the way to genuine racial justice was a long and tortuous one.
Affirmative action in the U.S
«Introduction.. The History of Executive Order 11246.. The policy of affirmative action as created under Executive Order 11246.. Executive Order 11246 Until Bakke.. Bakke and Equal Protection.. The Aftermath of Bakke.. Reforming Affirmative Action.. Defining Affirmative Action.. Abolishing...»
«In recent years, the issue of affirmative action has become one that has polarized debate in the United States. Affirmative action, which was originally conceptualized under President Johnson's Executive Order 11246 was supposed to provide social institutions with the mechanisms necessary to ensure...»
Should the U.S. encourage Japan's rearmament?
«Introduction.. The plan to make Japan a democratic nation.. Article IX of the 'peace constitution'.. No standing military forces.. A younger generation takes over in society.. Can Japan abandon the constitution and rearm?. Japan's position close to North Korea.. Japan and China.. Feelings towards...»
«In 1946, following the end of World War II and the defeat of the Axis countries, Japan was being occupied by the Americans. During this time, the Allied Powers-the United States, Great Britain, and China-drew up what became called the Potsdam Declaration, which held the terms for Japan's...»
Prison labor: an assessment of its role and appropriateness
«Introduction. The question of expediency of prison labour from the prisoner’s point of view. The controversial use of prison labour for the personal welfare of the prisoner. 2) Prison labour: an efficient tool for rehabilitation?. Advantages and risks that prison labour may represent for the...»
«"Labor is not only salutary because it is the opposite of idleness; but it is also contemplated that the convict, while he is not at work, shall learn business which would support him when he leaves the prison. The prisoners therefore are taught useful trades only; and among these, care is taken to...»
Conflict of laws, Exequature
«Introduction. Exequatur and its procedure. Qualification of exequatur. Exequatur linked with public order. Procedure. The competence of judge. The admissiblity to the claim. The litigation. The resolution of judgment. The qualification of disproportionate damages: a strict interpretation?. A...»
«Article 2412 of the civil code Difference between "exequatur" and "enforcement" even if it's the same etymology. Exequatur: suspensive effect CJCE, Deutsche Genossenschaft vs Soc. Brasserie du Pêcheur, 2 July 1985. CJCE, Hoffmann c. Krieg, 4 February 1988. The exequatur differs from the...»